三孔導(dǎo)游詞(精選26篇)
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇1
尊敬的各位游客:
大家好!歡迎來(lái)到圣地曲阜!我是你們的導(dǎo)游陳柯潤(rùn),大家叫我小陳就可以了。今天,就由我來(lái)帶領(lǐng)你們游覽中外聞名的三孔:孔府、孔廟、孔林。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái),不亦樂(lè)乎?” 我有幸擔(dān)任導(dǎo)游,十分高興!我將盡力為大家服好務(wù),如有不足之處,請(qǐng)指出來(lái),我一定盡量改正!
進(jìn)入孔府的大門(mén),由此向后分為三路,東路建有一貫堂、慕思堂等;西路是孔府當(dāng)年接待貴賓和讀書(shū)習(xí)禮的地方,有忠恕堂、安懷堂、花廳等; 中路大部分都是孔府的主要建筑,前半部分是官衙,后半部分是內(nèi)宅。
孔廟本是孔氏家庭的家廟,廟內(nèi)有孔子親手栽種的檜樹(shù),主要建筑是大成殿,殿前有著名的九龍柱和杏壇,后因?yàn)榭鬃邮艿阶鸪纾S多封建帝王都到這里來(lái)祭祀孔子,現(xiàn)在,我們濟(jì)寧市政府舉辦的一年一度的“國(guó)際孔子文化節(jié)”也都是在這里揭開(kāi)序幕。
孔林是孔子家里的專用墓地,也是世界上歷時(shí)最久、規(guī)模最大的家庭墓地,占地3000多畝。林中有數(shù)百種樹(shù)木10萬(wàn)多株,在萬(wàn)木掩映之中,碑石林立,石像成群,十分壯觀!
好啦,現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始自由活動(dòng)三個(gè)小時(shí),大家可以自由參觀一下,也可以做游戲、購(gòu)物等,但必須保證衛(wèi)生,不能亂扔垃圾。
參觀三孔的活動(dòng)至此結(jié)束,謝謝大家對(duì)我工作的支持!期待大家的再次光臨!
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇2
山東曲阜是孔子的故鄉(xiāng),山東曲阜的孔廟、孔府、孔林是我國(guó)歷代紀(jì)念孔子的圣地,統(tǒng)稱“三孔”。孔夫子生前在此開(kāi)壇授學(xué),首創(chuàng)儒家文化,而其子孫后代也在此生活繁衍,傳承著孔子的文化思想。1994年,“三孔”被聯(lián)合國(guó)列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。
山東曲阜“三孔”中的孔廟、孔府都坐落在市中心,孔林則位于城北。孔廟是國(guó)內(nèi)最大的祭祀孔子的廟宇,它是在孔子的故居上改建而成的,可謂全世界孔廟的始祖;孔府曾是數(shù)百年來(lái)孔子嫡系長(zhǎng)期居住的地方,它的規(guī)模在國(guó)內(nèi)僅次于故宮;孔林則是孔子及其家族后裔的墓地。
孔廟,公元前478年始建,后不斷擴(kuò)建,至今成為一處占地327公頃(1公頃=10^4平方米)的古建筑群,包括三殿、一閣、一壇、三祠、兩廡、兩堂、兩齋、十七亭與五十四門(mén)坊,氣勢(shì)宏偉、巨碑林立,堪稱宮殿之城。
孔府,建于宋代,是孔子嫡系子孫居住之地,西與孔廟毗鄰,占地約16公頃,共有九進(jìn)院落,有廳、堂、樓、軒463間,舊稱“衍圣公府”。
孔林,亦稱“至圣林”,是孔子及其家族的專用墓地,林墻周長(zhǎng)7千米,內(nèi)有古樹(shù)2萬(wàn)多株,是一處古老的人造園林。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇3
女士們!先生們!大家好!我叫某某某。今天,由我來(lái)帶領(lǐng)你們游覽“三孔”:孔府·孔廟·孔林。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái),不亦樂(lè)乎”我有幸擔(dān)任導(dǎo)游,十分高興。我將盡力為大家服務(wù),不足之處,請(qǐng)批評(píng)改正。 在參觀三孔之前,請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我介紹一下曲阜。曲阜地處魯中小區(qū)和魯西南平原的交界處。大詩(shī)人李白曾描寫(xiě)曲阜:“笑夸故人指絕境,山光水色青如蘭”。
現(xiàn)在我們參觀孔廟。孔廟位于曲阜城中心,是古代人們?yōu)榱藥啄昕鬃由暗膫ゴ笏枷雽掗煹木衿焚|(zhì)所建的一座韻味十足的建筑。前后九進(jìn)院落,占地327.5畝,南北長(zhǎng)達(dá)1公里;共有建筑466間,54座門(mén)坊;加之廟內(nèi)1700余株古樹(shù),一個(gè)個(gè)直沖云天,聽(tīng)說(shuō)當(dāng)時(shí)誰(shuí)敢砍倒一棵,就會(huì)以殺頭處理。每一棵樹(shù),每一個(gè)門(mén)的名字都含有孔子“仁”的思想。
孔府與孔廟毗鄰,是孔子嫡系長(zhǎng)子長(zhǎng)孫居住的府第,三路布局,九進(jìn)院落,共有建筑463間,加上后花園,共占地240畝。孔府,也稱“衍圣公府”。“衍圣”的意思是說(shuō)“圣道”、“圣裔”能繁衍接續(xù), 進(jìn)入孔府大門(mén),由此向后孔府分為三路,東路建有一貫堂、慕恩堂、孔氏家廟等;西路是孔府當(dāng)年接待貴賓和讀書(shū)習(xí)禮的地方,有紅萼軒、忠恕堂、安懷堂、花廳等;中路是孔府的主體建筑,前半部為官衙,后半部為內(nèi)宅。
孔林,是孔子家庭的專用墓地,也是世界上延時(shí)最久、規(guī)模最大的家庭墓地。占地三千多畝。周?chē)珘Ω?米,厚1.5米,長(zhǎng)14.5華里。林內(nèi)有各種樹(shù)木10萬(wàn)多株,數(shù)百種植物。在萬(wàn)木掩映之中,碑石林立,石像成群,十分壯觀。 現(xiàn)在自由活動(dòng)3小時(shí),可以自行游覽“三孔”,也可以進(jìn)行游戲、野餐等活動(dòng),但必須保證衛(wèi)生。 參觀“三孔”到此結(jié)束了!
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇4
不知道您讀沒(méi)讀過(guò)《論語(yǔ)》,那上面開(kāi)篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái),不亦樂(lè)乎”。那么我就以孔子的這句名言,熱烈地歡迎您來(lái)孔子的故鄉(xiāng)山東曲阜參觀游覽。下面,就由我陪同各位游覽并進(jìn)行導(dǎo)游服務(wù),非常感謝您的合作,并衷心地希望您對(duì)我的工作多提出批評(píng)意見(jiàn)。
在來(lái)山東曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對(duì)山東曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分詳細(xì),現(xiàn)在,我就在進(jìn)入景點(diǎn)之前,先把山東曲阜和孔子的情況簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下。
山東曲阜位于中國(guó)山東省西南部,現(xiàn)有人中62萬(wàn)其中城區(qū)人口10萬(wàn),面積約890平方公里。“山東曲阜”二字始見(jiàn)于《爾雅》一書(shū),東漢應(yīng)邵解釋說(shuō):魯城中有阜,委曲長(zhǎng)七八里,故名“山東曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年,也就是公元1012年,為了紀(jì)念中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝出生在山東曲阜,曾一度改名“仙源”縣,金太宗天會(huì)7年(公元1129年),又復(fù)名山東曲阜,沿用至今。山東曲阜是一個(gè)小城,然而,山東曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史的文化古城,在這片神圣而又古老的土地上,中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)古傳說(shuō)中的三皇五帝,竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據(jù)《史記》、《帝王世紀(jì)》等史書(shū)記載:“黃帝生于壽丘”,“少昊自窮桑登帝位,稱都山東曲阜,崩葬云陽(yáng)山”,現(xiàn)在山東曲阜城東8里,仍留下座金字塔式的墳?zāi)?-少昊陵。中國(guó)有句俗話說(shuō)道“人往高處走,水往低處流”,我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族的祖先從這里,從黃河中下游向中原,向黃土高原遷徙的過(guò)程,而我們的母親之河,黃河、長(zhǎng)江,從黃土高原之上奔騰而下,一瀉千里,最后匯入大海呢!中國(guó)還有句古話叫“江南出才子,江北出圣人”,實(shí)際上,江北的圣人幾乎全出自山東曲阜。在中國(guó)封建時(shí)代,受到皇帝賜封的圣人一共有6位,他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復(fù)圣顏?zhàn)印⑹鍪プ铀肌⒆谑ピ印⒃ブ芄^4位都出生在山東曲阜,后兩位一位是孔子的弟子,一位是封地在山東曲阜,周公的后世33代曾在魯國(guó)為國(guó)君,至今山東稱魯,即起于此。現(xiàn)在山東曲阜地上地下文物眾多,文化燦爛,有國(guó)家級(jí)文物古跡4處,省級(jí)11處,市級(jí)100余處。1982年山東曲阜被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為全國(guó)首批24個(gè)歷史文化名城之一,1994年山東曲阜“三孔”被聯(lián)合國(guó)正式列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。由于山東曲阜對(duì)東方文化的重要貢獻(xiàn),不少人稱山東曲阜為世界三大圣城之一:“東方的麥加”。在這里,您不得不沉思,也不能不感奮,因?yàn)檫@里深扎著中華民族的根,深扎著中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的根。
各位朋友,在中國(guó),在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現(xiàn)什么,象征什么。但是,當(dāng)你走進(jìn)中國(guó)人民的生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造的古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國(guó)人民在日常生活中流露出來(lái)的儒家文化的氣息,你便能由此體驗(yàn)到中國(guó)人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風(fēng)土人情和理想道德的差異。無(wú)論你從哪個(gè)角度,哪個(gè)層次去探究中華民族的個(gè)性與品格,都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)儒家文化的基因,在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史演進(jìn)過(guò)程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創(chuàng)始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時(shí)代魯國(guó)人,也就是山東曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時(shí),父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時(shí),母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開(kāi)始了他在等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的封建社會(huì)中獨(dú)自謀生、學(xué)習(xí)和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發(fā)奮自學(xué),勤而好問(wèn),青年時(shí)代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂(lè)、射、御、書(shū)、數(shù)六藝,進(jìn)而掌握了《詩(shī)》、《書(shū)》、《禮》、《樂(lè)》、《易》、《春秋》六經(jīng)的內(nèi)容,為創(chuàng)立儒家文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
孔子30歲設(shè)學(xué)授徒,開(kāi)始了漫長(zhǎng)的教育生涯,他首開(kāi)中國(guó)私人講學(xué)、面向民眾,提倡“有教無(wú)類(lèi)”之風(fēng),成為中國(guó)第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時(shí),才做了中都縣令,后來(lái)曾在魯攝相事,然而時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),他便辭了官,離開(kāi)魯國(guó)開(kāi)始了他長(zhǎng)達(dá)14年的周游列國(guó)之行。
孔子在68歲時(shí)回到魯國(guó),他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學(xué)和文獻(xiàn)整理上,一直到死。孔子的一生是顛沛流離,飽經(jīng)憂患的一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵(lì)奮發(fā)的一生,是春風(fēng)化雨,培育英才的一生,是著書(shū)立說(shuō),濟(jì)時(shí)救世的一生。如今,他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他的思想,卻潛入每個(gè)東方人的心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族的個(gè)性和品格,隨著歷史的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步,孔子還將引導(dǎo)著人類(lèi),跨向21世紀(jì)。
山東曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點(diǎn)很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關(guān)。現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是山東曲阜明故城的正南門(mén)外,城門(mén)的北面是被稱為中國(guó)三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門(mén)的正上方有“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。“仞”是古代的長(zhǎng)度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據(jù)說(shuō),有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學(xué)問(wèn),子貢聽(tīng)說(shuō)以后,就說(shuō):“人的學(xué)問(wèn)好比宮墻,我的學(xué)問(wèn)只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會(huì)看見(jiàn)墻內(nèi)的一切,而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數(shù)仞,不找到它的門(mén)是不能看到墻內(nèi)宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達(dá)對(duì)孔子的敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫(xiě)了“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)字鑲在城門(mén)上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對(duì)孔子的崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫(xiě)的“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。這就是“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”的來(lái)歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進(jìn)院落,左右對(duì)稱排列,整個(gè)建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門(mén)坊共466間,南北長(zhǎng)約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔廟大門(mén)東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”的碑刻,過(guò)去,任何官員至此,武官要下馬,文官要下轎,以表示對(duì)孔子的尊重。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對(duì)孔子曾有過(guò)這樣的評(píng)價(jià),他說(shuō):“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂(lè)的全過(guò)程,以擊鐘開(kāi)始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個(gè)獨(dú)角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會(huì)王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門(mén)叫“欞星門(mén)”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門(mén)”三個(gè)字為乾隆所書(shū)。“太和元?dú)狻狈煌敖鹇曈裾瘛狈徊畈欢啵}字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書(shū),贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬(wàn)物。此院東西各有一座腰門(mén),東邊上書(shū)“德侔天地一樣大,他的學(xué)說(shuō)古今來(lái)說(shuō)都是最好的”。這座門(mén)叫“圣時(shí)門(mén)”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測(cè)之感。“圣時(shí)”二字,取《孟子.萬(wàn)章下》,“孔子,圣之時(shí)者也”句,意思是說(shuō),在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時(shí)代者。
過(guò)圣時(shí)門(mén)迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側(cè)偏南各有一座門(mén),東門(mén)叫“快睹門(mén)”,是先睹為快的意思,西門(mén)叫“仰高門(mén)”贊頌孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)十分高深。我們進(jìn)入的大門(mén),稱“弘道門(mén)”,這三個(gè)字取自《論語(yǔ).衛(wèi)星公》“人能弘道”的句子,以此來(lái)贊頌孔子闡發(fā)了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門(mén)也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時(shí)孔廟的大門(mén)。再往后是“大中門(mén)”,大中門(mén)是宋朝時(shí)期孔廟的大門(mén),原名叫“宮和門(mén)”,字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關(guān),由此門(mén)向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴(kuò)大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建的時(shí)代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構(gòu)成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時(shí)可以看到一部分中國(guó)封建社會(huì)的發(fā)展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見(jiàn)深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑的特點(diǎn)是書(shū)法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫(xiě)成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說(shuō)是之最。大家請(qǐng)看右上角,那上面寫(xiě)道:“聯(lián)惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無(wú)焉”,又說(shuō):“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動(dòng)物不是烏龜,叫_是龍的兒子,特別能負(fù)重,所以用來(lái)馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內(nèi),龍和龍的9個(gè)兒子,你都可以看到,當(dāng)?shù)氐睦习傩粘?lái)這里撫摸這_他們說(shuō):“摸摸_頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸__一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟的藏書(shū)樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫(huà)”,后來(lái)人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構(gòu)造堅(jiān)固而且合理,康熙年間山東曲阜曾有過(guò)一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無(wú)恙,由此可見(jiàn)我國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術(shù)。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入孔廟的第六進(jìn)院落,展現(xiàn)在大家面前的是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內(nèi)保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對(duì)孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀(jì)錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京的西山,在當(dāng)時(shí),將如此重量的石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運(yùn)至山東曲阜,不能不說(shuō)是一個(gè)奇跡。此院東、西各有一門(mén),是孔廟第三道腰門(mén),為“東華門(mén)、西華門(mén)”。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入大成門(mén),“大成門(mén)”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門(mén)并列,最西邊為啟圣門(mén),是供奉孔子父母的地方,中路大成門(mén),又有“金聲門(mén)、玉振門(mén)”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心的地方,東為承圣門(mén),原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大的思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認(rèn)為,孔子首先是個(gè)教育家,他是中國(guó)第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬(wàn)世師表”,應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō),他是全人類(lèi)的老師,是名符其實(shí)的“人類(lèi)靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”,相傳是當(dāng)年孔子設(shè)壇講學(xué)的地方,金代建亭作以紀(jì)念,著名文人黨懷英書(shū)“杏壇”二字。壇側(cè)有棵杏樹(shù),為后人所栽,每當(dāng)初春時(shí)節(jié),紅花綻開(kāi),綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來(lái)朝拜時(shí),曾賦詩(shī)贊之,詩(shī)曰:重來(lái)又值秈開(kāi)時(shí),幾樹(shù)東風(fēng)簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚(yáng)天下的“大成殿”,它是中國(guó)的“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮的“太和殿”,泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫(huà)棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周?chē)?8根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤(pán)繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過(guò)去皇帝來(lái)了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們?nèi)艨匆?jiàn)恐怕也會(huì)自慚不如。兩側(cè)及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著孔子塑像,兩側(cè)為四配,東西是復(fù)圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大的國(guó)際孔子文化節(jié)和孔子誕辰紀(jì)念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂(lè)舞和“簫韶樂(lè)舞”,舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動(dòng),歡迎各位到時(shí)光臨。 三孔導(dǎo)游詞【5】
山東曲阜是孔子的故鄉(xiāng),山東曲阜的孔廟、孔府、孔林是我國(guó)歷代紀(jì)念孔子的圣地,統(tǒng)稱“三孔”。孔夫子生前在此開(kāi)壇授學(xué),首創(chuàng)儒家文化,而其子孫后代也在此生活繁衍,傳承著孔子的文化思想。1994年,“三孔”被聯(lián)合國(guó)列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。
山東曲阜“三孔”中的孔廟、孔府都坐落在市中心,孔林則位于城北。孔廟是國(guó)內(nèi)最大的祭祀孔子的廟宇,它是在孔子的故居上改建而成的,可謂全世界孔廟的始祖;孔府曾是數(shù)百年來(lái)孔子嫡系長(zhǎng)期居住的地方,它的規(guī)模在國(guó)內(nèi)僅次于故宮;孔林則是孔子及其家族后裔的墓地。
孔廟,公元前478年始建,后不斷擴(kuò)建,至今成為一處占地327公頃(1公頃=10^4平方米)的古建筑群,包括三殿、一閣、一壇、三祠、兩廡、兩堂、兩齋、十七亭與五十四門(mén)坊,氣勢(shì)宏偉、巨碑林立,堪稱宮殿之城。
孔府,建于宋代,是孔子嫡系子孫居住之地,西與孔廟毗鄰,占地約16公頃,共有九進(jìn)院落,有廳、堂、樓、軒463間,舊稱“衍圣公府”。
孔林,亦稱“至圣林”,是孔子及其家族的專用墓地,林墻周長(zhǎng)7千米,內(nèi)有古樹(shù)2萬(wàn)多株,是一處古老的人造園林。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇5
不知道您讀沒(méi)讀過(guò)《論語(yǔ)》,那上面開(kāi)篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái),不亦樂(lè)乎”。那么我就以孔子的這句名言,熱烈地歡迎您來(lái)孔子的故鄉(xiāng)山東曲阜參觀游覽。下面,就由我陪同各位游覽并進(jìn)行導(dǎo)游服務(wù),非常感謝您的合作,并衷心地希望您對(duì)我的工作多提出批評(píng)意見(jiàn)。
在來(lái)山東曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對(duì)山東曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分詳細(xì),現(xiàn)在,我就在進(jìn)入景點(diǎn)之前,先把山東曲阜和孔子的情況簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下。
山東曲阜位于中國(guó)山東省西南部,現(xiàn)有人中62萬(wàn)其中城區(qū)人口10萬(wàn),面積約890平方公里。“山東曲阜”二字始見(jiàn)于《爾雅》一書(shū),東漢應(yīng)邵解釋說(shuō):魯城中有阜,委曲長(zhǎng)七八里,故名“山東曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年,也就是公元1012年,為了紀(jì)念中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝出生在山東曲阜,曾一度改名“仙源”縣,金太宗天會(huì)7年(公元1129年),又復(fù)名山東曲阜,沿用至今。山東曲阜是一個(gè)小城,然而,山東曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史的文化古城,在這片神圣而又古老的土地上,中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)古傳說(shuō)中的三皇五帝,竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據(jù)《史記》、《帝王世紀(jì)》等史書(shū)記載:“黃帝生于壽丘”,“少昊自窮桑登帝位,稱都山東曲阜,崩葬云陽(yáng)山”,現(xiàn)在山東曲阜城東8里,仍留下座金字塔式的墳?zāi)?-少昊陵。中國(guó)有句俗話說(shuō)道“人往高處走,水往低處流”,我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族的祖先從這里,從黃河中下游向中原,向黃土高原遷徙的過(guò)程,而我們的母親之河,黃河、長(zhǎng)江,從黃土高原之上奔騰而下,一瀉千里,最后匯入大海呢!中國(guó)還有句古話叫“江南出才子,江北出圣人”,實(shí)際上,江北的圣人幾乎全出自山東曲阜。在中國(guó)封建時(shí)代,受到皇帝賜封的圣人一共有6位,他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復(fù)圣顏?zhàn)印⑹鍪プ铀肌⒆谑ピ印⒃ブ芄^4位都出生在山東曲阜,后兩位一位是孔子的弟子,一位是封地在山東曲阜,周公的后世33代曾在魯國(guó)為國(guó)君,至今山東稱魯,即起于此。現(xiàn)在山東曲阜地上地下文物眾多,文化燦爛,有國(guó)家級(jí)文物古跡4處,省級(jí)11處,市級(jí)100余處。1982年山東曲阜被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為全國(guó)首批24個(gè)歷史文化名城之一,1994年山東曲阜“三孔”被聯(lián)合國(guó)正式列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。由于山東曲阜對(duì)東方文化的重要貢獻(xiàn),不少人稱山東曲阜為世界三大圣城之一:“東方的麥加”。在這里,您不得不沉思,也不能不感奮,因?yàn)檫@里深扎著中華民族的根,深扎著中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的根。
各位朋友,在中國(guó),在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現(xiàn)什么,象征什么。但是,當(dāng)你走進(jìn)中國(guó)人民的生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造的古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國(guó)人民在日常生活中流露出來(lái)的儒家文化的氣息,你便能由此體驗(yàn)到中國(guó)人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風(fēng)土人情和理想道德的差異。無(wú)論你從哪個(gè)角度,哪個(gè)層次去探究中華民族的個(gè)性與品格,都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)儒家文化的基因,在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史演進(jìn)過(guò)程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創(chuàng)始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時(shí)代魯國(guó)人,也就是山東曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時(shí),父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時(shí),母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開(kāi)始了他在等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的封建社會(huì)中獨(dú)自謀生、學(xué)習(xí)和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發(fā)奮自學(xué),勤而好問(wèn),青年時(shí)代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂(lè)、射、御、書(shū)、數(shù)六藝,進(jìn)而掌握了《詩(shī)》、《書(shū)》、《禮》、《樂(lè)》、《易》、《春秋》六經(jīng)的內(nèi)容,為創(chuàng)立儒家文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
孔子30歲設(shè)學(xué)授徒,開(kāi)始了漫長(zhǎng)的教育生涯,他首開(kāi)中國(guó)私人講學(xué)、面向民眾,提倡“有教無(wú)類(lèi)”之風(fēng),成為中國(guó)第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時(shí),才做了中都縣令,后來(lái)曾在魯攝相事,然而時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),他便辭了官,離開(kāi)魯國(guó)開(kāi)始了他長(zhǎng)達(dá)14年的周游列國(guó)之行。
孔子在68歲時(shí)回到魯國(guó),他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學(xué)和文獻(xiàn)整理上,一直到死。孔子的一生是顛沛流離,飽經(jīng)憂患的一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵(lì)奮發(fā)的一生,是春風(fēng)化雨,培育英才的一生,是著書(shū)立說(shuō),濟(jì)時(shí)救世的一生。如今,他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他的思想,卻潛入每個(gè)東方人的心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族的個(gè)性和品格,隨著歷史的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步,孔子還將引導(dǎo)著人類(lèi),跨向21世紀(jì)。
山東曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點(diǎn)很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關(guān)。現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是山東曲阜明故城的正南門(mén)外,城門(mén)的北面是被稱為中國(guó)三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門(mén)的正上方有“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。“仞”是古代的長(zhǎng)度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據(jù)說(shuō),有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學(xué)問(wèn),子貢聽(tīng)說(shuō)以后,就說(shuō):“人的學(xué)問(wèn)好比宮墻,我的學(xué)問(wèn)只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會(huì)看見(jiàn)墻內(nèi)的一切,而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數(shù)仞,不找到它的門(mén)是不能看到墻內(nèi)宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達(dá)對(duì)孔子的敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫(xiě)了“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)字鑲在城門(mén)上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對(duì)孔子的崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫(xiě)的“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。這就是“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”的來(lái)歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進(jìn)院落,左右對(duì)稱排列,整個(gè)建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門(mén)坊共466間,南北長(zhǎng)約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔廟大門(mén)東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”的碑刻,過(guò)去,任何官員至此,武官要下馬,文官要下轎,以表示對(duì)孔子的尊重。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對(duì)孔子曾有過(guò)這樣的評(píng)價(jià),他說(shuō):“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂(lè)的全過(guò)程,以擊鐘開(kāi)始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個(gè)獨(dú)角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會(huì)王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門(mén)叫“欞星門(mén)”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門(mén)”三個(gè)字為乾隆所書(shū)。“太和元?dú)狻狈煌敖鹇曈裾瘛狈徊畈欢啵}字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書(shū),贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬(wàn)物。此院東西各有一座腰門(mén),東邊上書(shū)“德侔天地一樣大,他的學(xué)說(shuō)古今來(lái)說(shuō)都是最好的”。這座門(mén)叫“圣時(shí)門(mén)”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測(cè)之感。“圣時(shí)”二字,取《孟子.萬(wàn)章下》,“孔子,圣之時(shí)者也”句,意思是說(shuō),在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時(shí)代者。
過(guò)圣時(shí)門(mén)迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側(cè)偏南各有一座門(mén),東門(mén)叫“快睹門(mén)”,是先睹為快的意思,西門(mén)叫“仰高門(mén)”贊頌孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)十分高深。我們進(jìn)入的大門(mén),稱“弘道門(mén)”,這三個(gè)字取自《論語(yǔ).衛(wèi)星公》“人能弘道”的句子,以此來(lái)贊頌孔子闡發(fā)了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門(mén)也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時(shí)孔廟的大門(mén)。再往后是“大中門(mén)”,大中門(mén)是宋朝時(shí)期孔廟的大門(mén),原名叫“宮和門(mén)”,字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關(guān),由此門(mén)向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴(kuò)大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建的時(shí)代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構(gòu)成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時(shí)可以看到一部分中國(guó)封建社會(huì)的發(fā)展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見(jiàn)深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑的特點(diǎn)是書(shū)法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫(xiě)成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說(shuō)是之最。大家請(qǐng)看右上角,那上面寫(xiě)道:“聯(lián)惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無(wú)焉”,又說(shuō):“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動(dòng)物不是烏龜,叫*,是龍的兒子,特別能負(fù)重,所以用來(lái)馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內(nèi),龍和龍的9個(gè)兒子,你都可以看到,當(dāng)?shù)氐睦习傩粘?lái)這里撫摸這*,他們說(shuō):“摸摸*的頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸*的*,一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟的藏書(shū)樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫(huà)”,后來(lái)人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構(gòu)造堅(jiān)固而且合理,康熙年間山東曲阜曾有過(guò)一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無(wú)恙,由此可見(jiàn)我國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術(shù)。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入孔廟的第六進(jìn)院落,展現(xiàn)在大家面前的是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內(nèi)保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對(duì)孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀(jì)錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京的西山,在當(dāng)時(shí),將如此重量的石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運(yùn)至山東曲阜,不能不說(shuō)是一個(gè)奇跡。此院東、西各有一門(mén),是孔廟第三道腰門(mén),為“東華門(mén)、西華門(mén)”。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入大成門(mén),“大成門(mén)”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門(mén)并列,最西邊為啟圣門(mén),是供奉孔子父母的地方,中路大成門(mén),又有“金聲門(mén)、玉振門(mén)”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心的地方,東為承圣門(mén),原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大的思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認(rèn)為,孔子首先是個(gè)教育家,他是中國(guó)第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬(wàn)世師表”,應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō),他是全人類(lèi)的老師,是名符其實(shí)的“人類(lèi)靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”,相傳是當(dāng)年孔子設(shè)壇講學(xué)的地方,金代建亭作以紀(jì)念,著名文人黨懷英書(shū)“杏壇”二字。壇側(cè)有棵杏樹(shù),為后人所栽,每當(dāng)初春時(shí)節(jié),紅花綻開(kāi),綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來(lái)朝拜時(shí),曾賦詩(shī)贊之,詩(shī)曰:重來(lái)又值秈開(kāi)時(shí),幾樹(shù)東風(fēng)簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚(yáng)天下的“大成殿”,它是中國(guó)的“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮的“太和殿”,泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫(huà)棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周?chē)?8根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤(pán)繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過(guò)去皇帝來(lái)了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們?nèi)艨匆?jiàn)恐怕也會(huì)自慚不如。兩側(cè)及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著孔子塑像,兩側(cè)為四配,東西是復(fù)圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大的國(guó)際孔子文化節(jié)和孔子誕辰紀(jì)念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂(lè)舞和“簫韶樂(lè)舞”,舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動(dòng),歡迎各位到時(shí)光臨。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇6
各位朋友,在中國(guó),在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史的土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上的銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現(xiàn)什么,象征什么。但是,當(dāng)你走進(jìn)中國(guó)人民的生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造的古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國(guó)人民在日常生活中流露出來(lái)的儒家文化的氣息,你便能由此體驗(yàn)到中國(guó)人民與其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、風(fēng)土人情和理想道德的差異。無(wú)論你從哪個(gè)角度,哪個(gè)層次去探究中華民族的個(gè)性與品格,都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)儒家文化的基因,在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史演進(jìn)過(guò)程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的代名詞。而儒家文化的創(chuàng)始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時(shí)代魯國(guó)人,也就是曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時(shí),父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時(shí),母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開(kāi)始了他在等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的封建社會(huì)中獨(dú)自謀生、學(xué)習(xí)和奮斗的一生。
孔子少年發(fā)奮自學(xué),勤而好問(wèn),青年時(shí)代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉的禮、樂(lè)、射、御、書(shū)、數(shù)六藝,進(jìn)而掌握了《詩(shī)》、《書(shū)》、《禮》、《樂(lè)》、《易》、《春秋》六經(jīng)的內(nèi)容,為創(chuàng)立儒家文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
孔子30歲設(shè)學(xué)授徒,開(kāi)始了漫長(zhǎng)的教育生涯,他首開(kāi)中國(guó)私人講學(xué)、面向民眾,提倡“有教無(wú)類(lèi)”之風(fēng),成為中國(guó)第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大的教育家。
孔子51歲時(shí),才做了中都縣令,后來(lái)曾在魯攝相事,然而時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),他便辭了官,離開(kāi)魯國(guó)開(kāi)始了他長(zhǎng)達(dá)20xx年的周游列國(guó)之行。
孔子在68歲時(shí)回到魯國(guó),他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學(xué)和文獻(xiàn)整理上,一直到死。孔子的一生是顛沛流離,飽經(jīng)憂患的一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵(lì)奮發(fā)的一生,是春風(fēng)化雨,培育英才的一生,是著書(shū)立說(shuō),濟(jì)時(shí)救世的一生。如今,他的軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他的思想,卻潛入每個(gè)東方人的心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族的個(gè)性和品格,隨著歷史的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步,孔子還將引導(dǎo)著人類(lèi),跨向21世紀(jì)。
曲阜的文物古跡和旅游景點(diǎn)很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關(guān)。現(xiàn)在我們所在的位置是曲阜明故城的正南門(mén)外,城門(mén)的北面是被稱為中國(guó)三大古建筑群之一的孔廟。城門(mén)的正上方有“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。“仞”是古代的長(zhǎng)度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據(jù)說(shuō),有人稱贊孔子的弟子子貢很有學(xué)問(wèn),子貢聽(tīng)說(shuō)以后,就說(shuō):“人的學(xué)問(wèn)好比宮墻,我的學(xué)問(wèn)只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會(huì)看見(jiàn)墻內(nèi)的一切,而我的老師孔子的這道墻有數(shù)仞,不找到它的門(mén)是不能看到墻內(nèi)宗廟之美麗、房舍的多種多樣”。后人為表達(dá)對(duì)孔子的敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫(xiě)了“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)字鑲在城門(mén)上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對(duì)孔子的崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫(xiě)的“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。這就是“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”的來(lái)歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建的廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進(jìn)院落,左右對(duì)稱排列,整個(gè)建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門(mén)坊共466間,南北長(zhǎng)約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇7
尊敬的各位來(lái)賓:
你們好!我受旅游、接待部門(mén)的委托,對(duì)光臨名城曲阜參觀游覽的各位佳賓表示熱烈地歡迎。我有幸為大家導(dǎo)游陪同參觀,非常高興,這是咱們共同頎賞學(xué)習(xí)的好機(jī)會(huì)。看后請(qǐng)留下寶貴意見(jiàn)。
首先,向大家簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下曲阜的歷史、文物概況。
歷史文化名城曲阜是我國(guó)古代偉大的思想家、教育家、政治家、文獻(xiàn)整理家、世之圣人孔子的家鄉(xiāng),亞圣孟子的故里,中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝的誕生地,炎帝的首都,商殷故國(guó),魯國(guó)首都。三皇五帝有四位在這里生息勞作,有5000多年的歷史。地下有豐富的寶藏,地上有眾多的文物。現(xiàn)有文物112處,其中有聯(lián)合國(guó)保護(hù)單位,世界文化遺產(chǎn)3處,全國(guó)保護(hù)的4處,省級(jí)12處,其他為地市級(jí)保護(hù)的。
重中之重有“三孔兩廟一陵”、“三山二林一寺”。孔廟、孔府、孔林,俗稱“三孔”,有祭祀中國(guó)元圣周公的廟宇,有祭祀孔子第一大弟子復(fù)圣顏回的廟,俗稱“兩廟”;“一陵”是黃帝誕生地--壽丘少昊陵;“三山”;孔子出生地尼山、漢墓群九龍山、小泰山--九仙山(又稱九山)。二林是:世界教育孩子最好的母親孟母林,孔子父母埋葬地梁公林;“一寺”是李白、杜甫作詩(shī)、答對(duì)、分手處,著名文人孔尚任隱居處國(guó)家園林“石門(mén)寺”。
我們現(xiàn)在看孔廟。
孔廟,又稱至圣廟,是祭祀孔子及其夫人亓官氏和七十二賢人的地方。孔廟同北京的故宮、河北承德市避暑山莊并稱中國(guó)的三大古建筑群。專家對(duì)孔廟講了四名話:建筑時(shí)間最久遠(yuǎn)、最宏大、保存最完整、東方建筑特色最突出。從孔廟可看出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題:一是孔子對(duì)中國(guó)乃至東方文化的巨大貢獻(xiàn);二是中國(guó)在歷史上就有能工巧匠。
孔廟始建于公元前478年,孔子去世的第二年建廟。在孔子故居建廟堂三間,陳列孔子的衣、車(chē)、書(shū)等,“歲時(shí)奉祀”。歷代皇帝對(duì)孔廟都有擴(kuò)建,計(jì)大修15次,中修31次,小修數(shù)百次達(dá)到現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。孔廟仿皇宮建筑之制,分三路布局,九過(guò)院落,共有房屋466間,門(mén)亭54座,東西相對(duì)貫穿在一條中軸線上,有碑碣近千塊,占地327.5畝,長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩華里又150公尺。現(xiàn)在看到的孔廟是明弘治年間的規(guī)模。解放后國(guó)家多次撥款維修保護(hù)。我國(guó)首批公布的全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位,1994年12月列入世界文化遺產(chǎn),成為聯(lián)合國(guó)保護(hù)的文物單位,孔廟建筑時(shí)間之久遠(yuǎn),規(guī)模之宏大,保存之完整實(shí)屬世之罕見(jiàn)。
神道。“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”前古柏蒼勁的這段路為“神道”。重要的廟宇前都有專開(kāi)的尊敬靈通之道,稱“神道”。
萬(wàn)仞宮墻。這道門(mén)是曲阜明城正南門(mén),也是孔廟的第一道門(mén),上懸“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”四個(gè)大字,系清乾隆皇帝的御筆。它來(lái)源于孔子得意弟子子貢。魯國(guó)大會(huì)諸侯時(shí),有人提出子貢的學(xué)問(wèn)博大精深,可與孔子相提并論,子貢在場(chǎng),馬上站起來(lái)說(shuō),我可不敢與俺老師孔子比,人的學(xué)問(wèn)好比一堵墻,我這道墻只有一仞之高,俺老師的墻有數(shù)仞之多。就是說(shuō),我的學(xué)問(wèn)等于一肩膀頭子高,一目了然沒(méi)什么深?yuàn)W的;孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)有我數(shù)倍之多,經(jīng)過(guò)詳細(xì)的研究,全面的探討,才能了解他的全部,入了門(mén)以后,才能看到宗廟之美,在門(mén)外頭你是看不到的。后人為了形容孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)高深,從夫子之墻數(shù)仞,到“百仞”、“千仞”到明代皇帝封孔子為“天下文官主,歷代帝王師”,封孔子學(xué)問(wèn)有“萬(wàn)仞”,贊頌孔子學(xué)問(wèn)有一萬(wàn)個(gè)八尺,往上看,看不到頂,亦說(shuō)此墻深壁高壘非常堅(jiān)固。這四個(gè)字原為明欽差所寫(xiě),乾隆為表示他對(duì)孔子的重視,親書(shū)“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”換上了他的御筆。
金聲玉振坊。此坊建于明代,為表達(dá)孔子學(xué)問(wèn)精湛而完美,如同奏樂(lè)的全過(guò)程,自始至終完整無(wú)缺。古樂(lè)是以敲鐘開(kāi)始,鐘起“始條理也”,是擊磬告終,“玉振”為磬落的聲音,稱“終條理也”,贊揚(yáng)孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)是集先賢先圣之大成,所以稱“金聲而玉振也”,“金聲”鐘的聲音,始,“玉振”磬的聲音,終。這也是辦事要“有始有終”成語(yǔ)的來(lái)源。“金聲玉振”是明代大書(shū)法家胡纘宗題定的。
“二柏?fù)?dān)一孔”。過(guò)玉振坊這個(gè)單孔的石拱橋,東西各有一棵古柏,所以人稱“二柏?fù)?dān)一孔”。這橋名曰:“泮水橋”與行宮旁泮水池的水相通,因之演義為“盼水”。過(guò)去讀孔孟之書(shū),考上高等學(xué)府叫“入盼”,做官的盼高升,做買(mǎi)賣(mài)盼發(fā)財(cái),過(guò)日子盼興旺。
下馬碑。廟墻外東西各立一塊石碑,公元1191年專立的下馬碑,下轎碑。西邊的碑早毀壞,東邊這塊碑上寫(xiě)“官員人等至此下馬”。過(guò)去文武官員、庶民百姓從此路過(guò)下轎下馬徒步而行,以示對(duì)孔子、孔廟的尊敬。
欞星門(mén)。明代所建,公元1754年重修,由木制改鐵石的。“欞星門(mén)”系乾隆御筆。相傳天上星系“有二十八宿”,其中,有個(gè)掌管文化的星叫“欞星”,又名“文曲星”、“天振星”,把孔子與天上管文化的星聯(lián)系起來(lái),說(shuō)文化方面他是最高的,如過(guò)去祭天,要先祭“文曲星”,有尊孔如尊天的說(shuō)法。
太和元?dú)夥弧_@坊是明代公元1544年所建,極贊孔子的思想,主張如同“太空宇宙能哺育萬(wàn)物。天地之合,四方之合,陰陽(yáng)之合”,稱“太和”之氣是最基本的東西,宇宙之太和,人間之元?dú)狻?ldquo;太和元?dú)?rdquo;系山東巡撫曾銑手書(shū)。
至圣廟坊。明代所建“至圣廟坊”,是漢白玉的,上飾火焰寶珠。
德侔天地,道冠古今。這道院的東西對(duì)襯各建一處很奇特的牌坊,木制角棱環(huán)繞,千頭萬(wàn)續(xù),下有八個(gè)怪獸,叫“天龍神獅”,相傳它威嚴(yán)靈感,可驅(qū)除邪惡,匡扶正義。東邊牌坊上書(shū):“德侔天地”,說(shuō)孔子的思想主張給人類(lèi)的好處如同天高地厚,功德能同天地相比。西邊的牌坊上書(shū)“道冠古今”,贊孔子思想、辦法古今都是蓋世之冠。
圣時(shí)門(mén)。三門(mén)并列,四道臺(tái)皆同上,中央盤(pán)龍。此門(mén)命名來(lái)源于孟子,對(duì)古代四位圣人伯夷、伊尹、柳下惠、孔子,孟子把四圣人的圣跡歸納為四句話:伯夷圣之清者也,伊尹圣之任者也,柳下惠圣之和者也,孔子圣之時(shí)者也。“圣時(shí)”極贊孔子思想主張經(jīng)久不衰,是適合時(shí)代的圣人。皇帝來(lái)曲阜朝孔要行“三跪九叩大禮”,走圣時(shí)門(mén);歷代“衍圣公”出生時(shí)打開(kāi)“圣時(shí)門(mén)”,除這兩種情況外,此門(mén)不輕易開(kāi)啟。都走快覩門(mén)、仰高門(mén)。
快覩門(mén),取先睹為快之意。就是說(shuō)孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)“五經(jīng)四書(shū)”,誰(shuí)先學(xué)誰(shuí)先有文化,誰(shuí)先學(xué)誰(shuí)先有知識(shí),爭(zhēng)相學(xué)習(xí),以先見(jiàn)到先讀為快樂(lè)。
仰高門(mén)。根據(jù)顏回贊揚(yáng)孔子的一段話命名的。顏回說(shuō),夫子之道,仰之彌高,鉆之彌堅(jiān)。贊孔子學(xué)問(wèn)向上看不到頂,叫“彌高”,學(xué)起來(lái)文言文很難懂,叫“彌堅(jiān)”,高不是高不可攀,經(jīng)過(guò)努力是完全可以學(xué)到的。顏回說(shuō)“夫子循循然,善誘人,博我以文,說(shuō)我以禮。”俺老師循循善誘,教我以文化,施我以禮節(jié)。
漢石人。仰高門(mén)里亭子里有兩位歷史價(jià)值很高的漢石人,一位是“亭長(zhǎng)”,(漢代地方小官),一位府門(mén)之卒,都是魯王墓前守衛(wèi)的。石人被歷代金石學(xué)家所重視,對(duì)研究漢代服裝和文字有重要價(jià)值。
金水橋,這道橋,同故宮前的橋同名,稱金水橋,又叫碧水橋,三孔排列,綠水蕩漾。
弘道門(mén)。過(guò)金水橋是明代皇帝欽定的“弘道門(mén)”,取“論語(yǔ)”中“人能弘道,非道弘人”之意。孔子是個(gè)普通文人,為什么成為圣人?贊孔子總結(jié)了先賢先圣的經(jīng)驗(yàn),尤其弘揚(yáng)了堯舜禹湯,文武周公之道。“人能弘道,說(shuō)人能指揮創(chuàng)造一切,非道弘人,并不是一切指揮人,這是贊揚(yáng)人的主觀能動(dòng)性。”弘道門(mén)下有兩塊石碑,東邊的四棱碑是“曲阜歷代沿革志”記載了曲阜沿革變遷的歷史,元代所立,史料價(jià)值很高,西邊的是“處士先生墓志”,具有很高的書(shū)法價(jià)值。
大中門(mén)。大中門(mén)是宋代孔廟的大門(mén),稱“中和門(mén)”,意為用孔子的思想處理問(wèn)題都可迎刃而解。明代擴(kuò)建廟改稱“大中門(mén)”,贊孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)是集人類(lèi)知識(shí)之大成,中,取“中庸”之意,“中者天下之正道,庸者天下之定理”,中不偏,庸不易。離開(kāi)中者,就不是正道,成了邪道、歪門(mén)。就是說(shuō)不左不右,公平正道,向前為中庸。大中門(mén)東西兩頭有角樓兩座是守衛(wèi)孔廟用的。
同文門(mén),四大名牌,孔廟圖。進(jìn)入大中門(mén)里左右有四塊大碑。西邊的明弘治碑,講的綱常倫理。弘治碑右側(cè)有明代才子湖南長(zhǎng)沙李東陽(yáng)繪制的“孔廟圖”價(jià)值很高。
成化碑,是明代成化皇帝朱見(jiàn)深所立。有兩個(gè)情況引起歷代大家名人的注意。一是成化碑正楷字寫(xiě)的好、規(guī)范化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,精湛引人,字體筆法有“著稱于世”的評(píng)語(yǔ);二是對(duì)孔子評(píng)價(jià)最高,歷代皇帝對(duì)孔子都有評(píng)說(shuō),評(píng)價(jià)最高的是成化皇帝,他把孔子的思想、辦法比作吃飯、穿衣、花錢(qián),一天也離不開(kāi),有了孔子的道理和辦法,就能人盡其才,物盡其用,地盡其力,不然就亂套啦。說(shuō)有孔子之道則有天下,沒(méi)孔子之道則無(wú)天下,反孔子之道則失天下。如碑文稱:“朕唯孔子之道,天下一日不可無(wú)焉,有孔子之道則綱常正而倫理明,萬(wàn)物各得其所矣...,孔子之道之在天下如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺,...天生孔子縱之為圣,生之安行仁義中正,師道興起,從游三千,往圣是繼。”
同文門(mén)。取“人同心”字同文之意。是說(shuō)同心協(xié)力,團(tuán)結(jié)一致才能干好事業(yè);文字要統(tǒng)一,有統(tǒng)一的文字才能記載歷史傳播經(jīng)驗(yàn),隨意造字就會(huì)亂套。同文門(mén)是奎文閣前的重要屏障。
奎文閣,原為藏書(shū)樓,是收藏御賜書(shū)籍的地方。建于宋天禧二年(公元1020xx年),金章宗重修時(shí)改為“奎文閣”。這座獨(dú)特雄偉的建筑,完全是木質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),在中國(guó)樓的建設(shè)上稱孤例。經(jīng)過(guò)幾次地震,奎文閣沒(méi)有震毀。清康熙5年地震“十間房子倒者有九,存者有一,奎文閣巍然不動(dòng)”。明代吏部尚書(shū)李東陽(yáng)專寫(xiě)了“奎文閣賦”,贊奎文閣的建筑研究?jī)r(jià)值。就是廊下東頭這塊碑。
樓閣前這東西兩院稱:“齋宿”,是祭祀人員齋戒、沐浴的地方。東院是衍圣公齋宿所,清康熙、乾隆祭孔時(shí)都在東齋宿盥洗。西院是從祭人員的齋宿。孔子七十一代孫孔昭薰將廟內(nèi)宋、元、明、清五朝代拜孔廟碑130多塊集中鑲嵌在院墻上,故西齋宿又稱碑院。
十三碑亭。這是孔廟的第六進(jìn)院落,亭內(nèi)立有55塊碑,是唐、宋、金、元、明、清等朝代所立,其內(nèi)容都是皇帝、欽差拜孔、對(duì)孔子的追謚、評(píng)價(jià),歷次修孔廟的記載,有漢、滿、蒙、八思巴文等文字。南八北五,所以稱十三碑亭,因?yàn)槎际墙?jīng)皇帝批準(zhǔn)立的碑,因此又叫御碑亭。東起前排第三、六兩個(gè)亭子是金代所建,是我國(guó)現(xiàn)存不可多見(jiàn)的建筑。凡是用赑屭馱的碑都稱“御碑”。“赑屭”是吉祥物,傳說(shuō)龍王有九子,它是第8子,它愛(ài)“文”,善于負(fù)重,石碑有文字而沉重適合其特點(diǎn),形象應(yīng)為龍頭、龜身、鷹腿、蛇尾。
東起北邊這第三個(gè)亭子是康熙皇帝立的碑。北京西山采的石頭經(jīng)大運(yùn)河,經(jīng)濟(jì)南又運(yùn)到這里。專家計(jì)算這幢碑13萬(wàn)斤重,從濟(jì)寧沿途潑水凍了,在冰上滑過(guò)來(lái)的,有時(shí)一天只走臥牛之地。曲阜本有好石頭不用,要從北京運(yùn)來(lái),以示皇帝對(duì)孔子的重視。這院東南、西南各有一片碑碣都是王公大臣們修廟、拜孔的記載,書(shū)法價(jià)值很高。
這個(gè)院東西對(duì)襯各有一門(mén),東為“毓粹門(mén)”,西是“觀德門(mén)”。俗稱東華門(mén)、西華門(mén)。
孔廟由這里起分為三路布局,這一道五門(mén),中為“大成門(mén)”,左邊是“金聲門(mén)”,右邊是“玉振門(mén)”,再往西為“啟圣門(mén)”,再往東為“承圣門(mén)”。大成門(mén)的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)是“犬牙交錯(cuò),勾心斗角”。中間插進(jìn)為“勾心”,左右四角尖端相頂為“斗角”。大成門(mén)三字系雍正皇帝的御筆。贊孔子是集先圣先賢之大成,達(dá)到了至高無(wú)上的境界。
先師手植檜。大成門(mén)里左邊這棵挺拔蒼勁的檜樹(shù),是孔夫子手植的。據(jù)記載:孔子在這里裁過(guò)三棵檜樹(shù),金貞佑二年(公元1220xx年)毀于兵火,樹(shù)枯而又發(fā)新枝,曾“三枯三榮”,有“檜樹(shù)日茂孔氏日興”的說(shuō)法。明萬(wàn)歷年間才子楊光訓(xùn)題寫(xiě)了“先師手植檜”五個(gè)大字。
兩廡長(zhǎng)廊。這兩側(cè)的對(duì)等兩排房子,共80間,稱“東西廡”,是供奉七十二賢人的地方。孔子號(hào)稱弟子三千,身通六藝文武全才的七十二人,供奉在東西廡。歷代帝王都有封的配享先賢。如董仲舒、韓愈、王明陽(yáng)、諸葛亮、寇準(zhǔn)、岳飛等等。到民國(guó)年間已封到156名。最后一位先賢是梁?jiǎn)⒊壬T兴芟瘢莆唬笠宦筛臑槟局婆莆弧|西廡現(xiàn)在陳列的是收集的宋代以前的中貴石刻。周公訓(xùn)子、蝙蝠行醫(yī)等,最為珍貴的國(guó)寶有漢魏朝碑刻22塊,書(shū)法價(jià)值特高的“禮器碑”、“乙瑛碑”、“史晨碑”、張猛龍碑“、米芾碑”等都是罕見(jiàn)的珍品。西廡陳列了100多塊“漢畫(huà)石刻”,都是久負(fù)盛名的藝術(shù)珍品,是研究漢、魏等歷史社會(huì)生活難得的珍貴資料。東廡北端陳列著584塊石刻,是孔子六十九代孫孔繼涑寫(xiě)的玉虹樓法貼。
杏壇。這是為紀(jì)念孔子講學(xué)建的。孔子當(dāng)初是在土臺(tái)上大杏樹(shù)下給弟子們講學(xué)。宋代公元1020xx年,孔子45代孔道輔監(jiān)修孔廟時(shí),將正殿后移擴(kuò)建,在正殿舊址建亭,環(huán)植以杏,名曰“杏壇”。杏壇二字,是金代著名文人黨懷英篆書(shū)。亭內(nèi)有乾隆皇帝御筆“杏壇贊”,這是他第一次來(lái)曲阜寫(xiě)的。乾隆題寫(xiě)的匾、對(duì)聯(lián)、條幅等在曲阜有50多處。
大成殿。這是孔廟的主殿,它和北京的故宮太和殿、泰安岱廟天貺殿并稱東方三大建筑,又稱東方三大殿。價(jià)值高歷史長(zhǎng)的是大成殿。殿高24.8米,闊45.7米,深24.89米。四周環(huán)有28根用整個(gè)石頭雕成的龍柱,工藝精湛,造詣很深。尤其殿前廊10株深浮雕的滾龍柱實(shí)為世之罕見(jiàn),10棵柱子20 條龍,上下對(duì)翔,升騰盤(pán)繞戲一顆珠子,神態(tài)各異,無(wú)一雷同,越看越有動(dòng)意,躍然石上栩栩如生。這是徽州工匠的杰作。皇帝來(lái)曲阜朝孔時(shí),孔家都用黃綾把龍柱裹起來(lái),不讓皇帝直接看到龍柱,因?yàn)槌^(guò)了金鑾殿,怕皇帝不高興,加以責(zé)怪。其余18根柱是八棱的淺浮雕龍柱,一個(gè)棱面刻九條龍,每根柱子八個(gè)棱,八九 72條龍共計(jì)雕刻1296條龍。這是罕見(jiàn)的石刻藝術(shù)瑰寶。總覽大成殿雄偉壯觀。
五圣十二先哲。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著17尊像。
五大圣人。至圣孔子,意為圣人中的圣人,至高無(wú)上。孔夫子在中央,頭戴十二旒之冕,身穿十二章王服,手持震圭,威嚴(yán)肅穆,使人肅然起敬。兩側(cè)為四配:東邊是復(fù)圣顏?zhàn)樱鍪プ铀?西邊是宗圣曾子,亞圣孟子。東頭六位,西頭六位,稱十二先哲,有子貢、子路、冉求等11位孔子的弟子,有一位是宋朝朱熹,著名理學(xué)家,五經(jīng)四書(shū)解釋的好,被封為先哲。“生民未有”的匾,是孟子贊孔子,說(shuō)“生民未有盛于孔子也”。有人類(lèi)以來(lái),還沒(méi)有全面超過(guò)孔子的人,所以叫“生民未有”。“萬(wàn)世師表”是康熙題寫(xiě),封孔子為“萬(wàn)世皇帝之師,千古人類(lèi)之表,皇帝的老師,做人的表率。”“斯文在茲”是光緒寫(xiě)的,意為天下的文化都在這里。
寢殿。供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專殿。是孔廟第三大建筑。亓官氏宋國(guó)人(河南商丘),19歲嫁孔子,后生子孔鯉,賢妻良母,早孔子7年去世,被封“至圣先師夫人”,同孔子一樣享受祭祀。寢殿周?chē)?8根石柱上雕鳳凰,每條柱子刻鳳凰72只,同龍的數(shù)量一樣,叫龍鳳呈祥。
圣跡殿。以石刻連環(huán)畫(huà)的形式記載了孔子的事跡。有120塊文圖并茂的石刻,是孔子后代同明代巡撫御史何出光主持修建的。由吳郡著名畫(huà)工章草繪畫(huà)刻石,鑲在殿內(nèi)墻上。是我國(guó)第一部人、文兼有的完整的連環(huán)畫(huà)。有很高的歷史和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。殿正面“萬(wàn)世師表”為康熙御筆,正中孔子大司冠像是唐代大畫(huà)家吳道子畫(huà)的。殿東頭是康熙朝孔的御碑,西頭有晉代名畫(huà)家顧愷之畫(huà)的孔子行教像,習(xí)稱“夫子小影”最接近孔子的面貌特征。還有宋代大家米芾的贊孔子的小篆:“孔子孔子大哉孔子,子以前既無(wú)孔子,孔子以后更無(wú)孔子,孔子孔子大哉孔子”。明確的說(shuō),孔子偉大啊!無(wú)與倫比,空前絕后!
孔廟西路是祭禮孔子父母的地方。其父叔梁紇,母顏征在,皇帝封為啟圣王和啟圣王夫人,建有啟圣王殿、寢殿、金絲堂等建筑。
孔廟的東路,前后兩部分,前院是孔子故宅,有“孔宅故井”,孔子九代孫孔鮒藏書(shū)的地方名“魯壁”,現(xiàn)在看到的經(jīng)書(shū),立頭功的應(yīng)為“魯壁”。為紀(jì)念孔子教育其子讀書(shū)建了“詩(shī)禮堂”,孔子說(shuō)“不學(xué)詩(shī)無(wú)以言,不字禮無(wú)以立”,意為不學(xué)詩(shī)不會(huì)講話,不學(xué)禮不懂得如何立身事。詩(shī)禮堂內(nèi)有著名雕刻家石可先生刻制的仿漢畫(huà)石刻“圣跡圖”。后院是崇圣祠、五代祠,祭祀孔子上五代祖先的祠堂。
各位先生,孔廟似歷史的、知識(shí)的學(xué)堂,因時(shí)間有限,咱們只看了主要的,我是厄要介紹的。孔子是圣人,也是偉大的旅游家,周游列國(guó)20xx年,宣傳他修身、齊家、治國(guó)平天下的學(xué)問(wèn),收集了寶貴的資料。有關(guān)圣人的遺跡很多,很值得一看。我們相處時(shí)間雖短,可友誼長(zhǎng)存,盼望各位有機(jī)會(huì)再來(lái)曲阜觀光,我們一定很好地服務(wù)。
孔廟就看到這里,謝謝大家的合作,歡迎您再來(lái)。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇8
Dear tourists
Hello everyone! Welcome to Qufu, the Holy Land! I'm Chen Kerun, your guide.Just call me Xiao Chen. Today, I will take you to visit the three famousConfucius: Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius forest. Confuciushas a famous saying: "is it a pleasure to have friends from afar?" I am veryhappy to be a tour guide. I will try my best to serve you well. If there are anyshortcomings, please point them out, and I will try my best to correct them!
The entrance to the Confucius Mansion can be divided into three roads: theEast Road has Yiguan hall, Musi hall, etc.; the west road is the place where theConfucius Mansion received distinguished guests and studied in those years,including Zhongshu hall, anhuatang, Huating hall, etc.; the middle road ismostly the main building of the Confucius Mansion, the first half of which isthe government office, and the second half is the inner house.
The Confucius Temple was originally the family temple of the Kong family.There are cypress trees planted by Confucius himself in the temple. The mainbuilding is Dacheng hall. In front of the hall are the famous Jiulong column andapricot altar. Later, because Confucius was respected, many feudal emperors camehere to worship him. Now, the annual "International Confucius Culture Festival"held by Jining Municipal government is also the prelude here.
Kong Lin is a special cemetery for Confucius' family. It is also thelongest and largest family cemetery in the world, covering an area of more than3000 mu. There are hundreds of trees and more than 100000 trees in the forest.Among the trees, there are many steles and stone statues, which are veryspectacular!
Well, now we can start free activities for three hours. You can visitfreely, play games, shop and so on. However, we must ensure hygiene and notlitter.
This is the end of the visit to San Kong. Thank you for your support. Ilook forward to your coming again!
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇9
曲阜明故城始建于明朝,為護(hù)衛(wèi)孔廟而建。明故城內(nèi)分布著孔廟、孔府、顏廟以及歷代孔宅府第、古泮池乾隆行宮等文物古跡,集中體現(xiàn)了魯國(guó)古都曲阜古老的城市風(fēng)貌和深厚的文化古韻。上世紀(jì)70年代末,曲阜明故城城墻大部分被拆除。
孔府,本名衍圣公府,位于曲阜城中孔廟東側(cè),是孔子嫡氏孫居住的府第。衍圣公是北宋至和二年(公元1055年)宋仁宗賜給孔子46代孫孔宗愿的封號(hào),這一封號(hào)子孫相繼,整整承襲了32代,歷時(shí)880年。
衍圣公是中國(guó)封建社會(huì)享有特權(quán)的大貴族,宋代時(shí)相當(dāng)于八品官,元代提升為三品,明初是一品文官,后又“班列文官之首”,清代還特許在紫禁城騎馬,在御道上行走。
孔府占地240畝,共有廳、堂、樓、房463間。九進(jìn)庭院,三路布局:東路 即東學(xué),建一貫堂、慕恩堂、孔氏家廟及作坊等;西路即西學(xué),有紅萼軒、忠恕堂、安懷堂及花廳等;孔府的主體部分在中路,前為官 衙,有三堂六廳,后為內(nèi)宅,有前上房、前后堂樓、配樓、后六間等,最后為花園。
孔林本稱至圣林,是孔子及其家族的墓地。 孔子死后,弟子們把他葬于魯城北泗水之上,那時(shí)還是“墓而不墳”(無(wú)高土隆起)。到了秦漢時(shí)期,雖將墳高筑,但仍只有少量的墓地和幾家守林人后來(lái)隨著孔子地位的日益提高,孔林的規(guī)模越來(lái)越大。東漢桓帝永壽三年(公元157年),魯相韓勅修孔墓,在墓前造神門(mén) 一間,在 東南又造齋宿一間,以吳初等若干戶供孔墓灑掃,當(dāng)時(shí)的孔林“地不過(guò)一 頃”。到南北朝高齊時(shí),才植樹(shù)600株。宋代宣和年間,又在孔子墓前修造石儀。進(jìn)入元文宗至順二年(公元1331年),孔思凱主修了林墻,構(gòu)筑了林門(mén)。明洪武十年(公元1684年)將孔林?jǐn)U為3000畝的規(guī)模。雍正八年(公元1730年),大修孔林,耗帑銀25300兩重修了各種門(mén)坊,并派專官守衛(wèi)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),自漢以來(lái),歷代對(duì)孔林重修、增修過(guò)13次,增植樹(shù)株5次,擴(kuò)充林地3次。整個(gè)孔林周?chē)珘﹂L(zhǎng)達(dá)7.25公里,墻高3米多,厚約5米,總面積為2平方公里,比曲阜城要大得多 孔林作為一處氏族墓地,20xx多年來(lái)葬埋從未間斷。在這里既可考春秋之葬、證秦漢之墓,又可研究我國(guó)歷代政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化的發(fā)展和喪葬風(fēng)俗的演 變。1961年國(guó)務(wù)院公布為第一批全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。 “墓古千年在,林深五月寒”,孔林內(nèi)現(xiàn)已有樹(shù)10萬(wàn)多株。相傳孔子死后,“弟子各以四方奇木來(lái)植,故多異樹(shù),魯人世世代代無(wú)能名者”,時(shí)至今日孔林內(nèi)的一些樹(shù)株人們?nèi)越胁怀鏊鼈兊拿帧F渲邪亍u、柞、榆、槐、楷、樸、楓、楊、柳、檀雒離、女貞、五味、櫻花等各類(lèi)大樹(shù),盤(pán)根錯(cuò)節(jié),枝繁葉茂;野菊、半夏、柴胡、太子參、靈芝等數(shù)百種植物,也依時(shí)爭(zhēng)榮。孔林不愧是一座天然的植物園。“斷碑深樹(shù)里,無(wú)路可尋看”。在萬(wàn)木掩映的孔林中,碑石如林,石儀成群,除一批著名的漢碑移入孔廟 外,林內(nèi)尚有李東陽(yáng)、嚴(yán)嵩、翁方鋼、何紹基、康有為等明清書(shū)法名家親筆題寫(xiě)的墓碑。因此,孔林又稱得上是名副其實(shí)的碑林。
孔廟、孔府、孔林在山東曲阜市,是中國(guó)唯一規(guī)模最大的集祭祀孔子嫡系后裔的府邸和孔子及其子孫墓地于一起的建筑群,孔子(公元前551~前420xx年)是中國(guó)儒家學(xué)說(shuō)的創(chuàng)始人。他在死后的第二年,他的住宅被改成孔廟,每年祭祀 。漢代以后歷代皇帝都提倡尊孔讀經(jīng),對(duì)孔子也不斷追謚加封,同時(shí)擴(kuò)大他的祠廟,孔廟的規(guī)模也越修越大。
規(guī)整的建筑,藝術(shù)的寶庫(kù)
現(xiàn)存孔廟占地327.5畝,建筑物466間,前后有九進(jìn)院落,縱向軸線貫穿整座建筑,左右對(duì)稱,布局嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),氣勢(shì)宏偉。前三進(jìn)院落布置導(dǎo)向性建筑物,如門(mén)或牌坊。第四進(jìn)院有一座三重檐的高閣奎文閣,其中藏有歷代皇帝賞賜的圖書(shū)。第七進(jìn)院落中有“杏壇”,據(jù)說(shuō)是孔子生前講學(xué)處。孔廟的主殿大成殿高31.89米,寬54米,進(jìn)深34米。廊下有28根龍古柱,沒(méi)根石柱都用整塊石材雕成。前廊下的十根石柱用深浮雕的手法雕成雙龍對(duì)舞,襯以云朵,山石、濤波,造型優(yōu)美生動(dòng),是罕見(jiàn)的藝術(shù)瑰寶。孔廟中還存有大量的碑刻及畫(huà)像磚,是研究中國(guó)古代書(shū)法和文化藝術(shù)的寶貴資料。
孔府是衙宅合一,園宅結(jié)合的范例
孔廟的東側(cè)是孔府,是孔子嫡長(zhǎng)孫世襲的府第。始建于宋代,經(jīng)歷代不斷擴(kuò)建,形成現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。占地200余畝,有房舍480余間。官衙和住宅建在一起,是一座典型的封建貴族莊園,衙 署大堂用于接受皇帝頒發(fā)的圣旨,或處理家族內(nèi)事務(wù)。孔府后院有一座花園,幽雅清新,布局別具匠心,可稱園林佳作,也是園宅結(jié)合的范例。孔府藏有大量的歷史檔案、傳世文物,歷代服飾和用具等,都及其珍貴。
孔林是延續(xù)年代最久、保存最完整的家族墓地
孔林又稱至圣林,在曲阜城北門(mén)外,占地3000畝,周?chē)u砌林墻長(zhǎng)達(dá)14里,是孔子和他的后代子孫們的家族墓地。孔林內(nèi)柏檜夾道,進(jìn)入孔林要經(jīng)過(guò)1200米的墓道,然后穿過(guò)石牌坊、石橋、甬道、到達(dá)孔子墓前。孔子的墳?zāi)狗馔粮?米,墓東是孔子之子孔鯉和他的孫子孔伋 的墳?zāi)埂T诳琢种校械哪骨斑存有石雕的華表、石人、石獸。這些都是依照墓中人當(dāng)時(shí)-爵位的品級(jí)設(shè)置的,整個(gè)孔林延用2520xx年,內(nèi)有墳冢 十余萬(wàn)座。其延續(xù)時(shí)間之久,模葬之多,保存之完好,舉世罕見(jiàn)。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇10
千年禮樂(lè)歸東魯,萬(wàn)古衣冠拜素王”曲阜之所以享譽(yù)全球,是與孔子的名字緊密相連的。孔子是世界上最偉大的哲學(xué)家之一,中國(guó)儒家學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人。在兩千多年漫長(zhǎng)的歷史長(zhǎng)河中,儒家文化逐漸成為中國(guó)的正統(tǒng)文化,并影響到東亞和東南亞各國(guó),成為整個(gè)東方文化的基石。曲阜的孔府、孔廟、孔林,統(tǒng)稱“三孔”,是中國(guó)歷代紀(jì)念孔子,推崇儒學(xué)的表征,以豐厚的文化積淀、悠久歷史、宏大規(guī)模、豐富文物珍藏,以及科學(xué)藝術(shù)價(jià)值而著稱。因其在中國(guó)歷史和世界東方文化中的顯著地位,被世人尊崇為世界三大圣城之一。
孔府本名衍圣公府。位于孔廟東側(cè),為孔子嫡長(zhǎng)孫的衙署。漢高祖劉邦以太牢之禮祭孔子墓并封孔子九世孫世為奉祀君,代表國(guó)家祭祀孔子。后歷代不斷加封,至宋代封為衍圣公。明洪武十年建立獨(dú)立的衍圣公府。現(xiàn)有樓、廳、堂480余間,前為官衙,后為內(nèi)宅。府內(nèi)存有著名的孔檔案和大量文物。
孔府有“天下第一家”之稱,是孔子嫡系長(zhǎng)期居住的府第,也是中國(guó)封建社會(huì)官衙與內(nèi)宅合一的典型建筑。孔子死后,子孫后代世代居廟旁看管孔子遺物,到北宋末期,孔氏后裔住宅擴(kuò)大到數(shù)十間,到金代,孔子后裔一直是孔廟東邊,隨著孔子后世官位的升遷和爵位的提高,孔府建筑不斷擴(kuò)大,至宋、明、清達(dá)到現(xiàn)在規(guī)模。現(xiàn)在孔府占地約7.4公頃,有古建筑480間,分前后九進(jìn)院落,中、東、西三路布局。
孔府大門(mén),為間五檁懸山式建筑,匾書(shū)“圣府二字”,為明朝嚴(yán)嵩所書(shū)。門(mén)兩邊有對(duì)聯(lián)一幅“與國(guó)咸休安富尊榮公府第,同天并老文章道德圣人家”,其中“富”字上面少一點(diǎn),寓“富貴無(wú)頭”,“章”字一豎通到上面立字,寓“文章通天”,此聯(lián)概括出千百年來(lái)“圣人家”的氣派。
孔府仿照封建王朝的六部而設(shè)六廳,在二門(mén)以內(nèi)兩側(cè),分別為管勾廳、百戶廳、典籍廳、司樂(lè)廳、知印廳、掌書(shū)廳、公共管理孔府事務(wù)。明代建筑,共五間深三間,寬敞大方,為當(dāng)年宣讀圣旨、接見(jiàn)官員、審理重大案件之處。
孔府占地240畝,共有廳、堂、樓、房463間。九進(jìn)庭院,三路布局:東路 即東學(xué),建一貫堂、慕恩堂、孔氏家廟及作坊等;西路即西學(xué),有紅萼軒、忠恕堂、安懷堂及花廳等;孔府的主體部分在中路,前為官 衙,有三堂六廳,后為內(nèi)宅,有前上房、前后堂樓、配樓、后六間等,最后為花園。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇11
走進(jìn)正陽(yáng)門(mén)霍然入目的“配天門(mén)”,是取孔子語(yǔ)“德配天地”而名,為岱廟的第二道門(mén),配天門(mén)建于宋真宗大中祥符二年(公元1020xx年),面闊五間,進(jìn)深三間,單檐歇山式建筑,殿內(nèi)原祀青龍、白虎、朱雀、玄武等四方星宿。兩側(cè)原有配殿,東為“三靈候殿”,祀周朝諫官唐宸、葛雍、周武三人。傳宋真宗東封時(shí),在南天門(mén)見(jiàn)三神人,加封為“三靈候”,后來(lái)建此殿專祀。西為“太尉殿”是祀唐朝“雖出入將相,而奉自愿厚養(yǎng)”的分國(guó)公杜宗的。與配天門(mén)南北相連的“仁安門(mén)”是取孔子語(yǔ)“天下歸仁”之意而名,為岱廟的第三道門(mén),元代至元四年(公元1338年)創(chuàng)建。建筑結(jié)構(gòu)與配天門(mén)雷同,殿內(nèi)原祀天聾、地啞之神,兩側(cè)有東西門(mén)神。配天門(mén)的西側(cè)有碑碣20塊,最著名的是《宣和碑》和《祥符碑》,雙碑高大雄偉,東西對(duì)峙,龜?shù)ぃ瑲鈩?shì)非凡,為岱廟現(xiàn)存兩大碑碣。
配天門(mén)西南方的“唐槐院”,原有“大可數(shù)抱,枝干蔭畝許”的唐槐,民國(guó)年間,兵燹戰(zhàn)亂,古槐倍受摧殘,漸漸枯死。1952年,岱廟主持尚士濂又在枯槐干中植小槐一株,并取名“唐槐抱子”。今新槐已成大樹(shù),扶疏郁茂,又成為岱廟一大佳景。
唐槐之東舊有延禧殿、藏經(jīng)殿、環(huán)詠亭、雨花道院,皆毀于民國(guó)年間。1984年,在藏經(jīng)堂舊址上新建仿古文物庫(kù)房48間,內(nèi)藏泰山歷代珍貴文物4000余件,古書(shū)籍3000余冊(cè)。
北過(guò)仁安門(mén)透過(guò)蔽是遮天的蒼松翠柏向北望去,只見(jiàn)一座五光十色、金碧輝煌的大殿矗立在高大的露臺(tái)上,這就是岱廟的主體建筑——宋天貺殿。天貺殿又叫峻極殿,創(chuàng)建于北宋真宗大中祥符二年(公元1020xx年)。公元1020xx年,宋、遼在澶淵(今河南濮陽(yáng))交戰(zhàn),宋真宗雖大勝遼軍,但無(wú)心再戰(zhàn),卻簽訂了屈辱的條約,歷史上稱為“澶淵之盟”。宋真宗為了平息朝野的怨憤之情,鞏固其統(tǒng)治地位,他采納了副宰相王欽若策謀的“天降昭書(shū)”的騙局,于同年十月率領(lǐng)群臣,車(chē)載“天書(shū)”來(lái)到泰山,舉行了隆重的答謝天恩告祭大禮,并定于每年六月初六為“天貺節(jié)”。笠年,下昭擴(kuò)建岱廟,又在原泰山神殿的基礎(chǔ)上,建造了天貺殿。
天貺殿東西長(zhǎng)43.67米,南北寬17.18米,高22.3米,殿闊九間,進(jìn)深四間,重檐八角,斗拱飛翹,上覆黃琉璃瓦,檐間懸掛“宋天貺殿”的巨匾,檐下八根大紅明柱,柱上有普柏枋和斗拱,外槽均單翹重昂三跳拱,內(nèi)槽殿頂為四個(gè)復(fù)斗式藻井,余為方形平棋天花板。整座大殿欒櫨迭聳,雕梁彩棟,貼金繪垣,丹墻壁立,峻極雄偉,雖歷經(jīng)數(shù)朝,古貌猶存,它同北京故宮的太和殿,曲阜孔廟的大成殿并中國(guó)古代三大宮殿式建筑。
走進(jìn)殿堂,正面高大的“東岳泰山之神”彩色塑像是1984年重塑的,坐像高4.4米,頭頂冠冕十二旒,身著袞袍,手持圭板,肅穆端莊,造形生動(dòng),大有“栩栩如生,呼之欲出”之感。“泰山神”是道教所信奉的“百鬼之神”,可主宰生死。唐代被封為“天齊王”,宋時(shí)封為“天齊仁圣安”,元朝又封為“東岳天齊大生仁皇帝”,明太祖登基后,認(rèn)為給泰山神加封號(hào)是“瀆禮不經(jīng)”,故去掉所有封號(hào),改稱“東岳泰山之神”。從此,岱廟的地位也就不可一世,享有“東岳神府”的盛名了。
塑像兩邊的楹聯(lián)為清人吳云所書(shū),“帝出乎震,人生于寅”。橫額是清康熙帝于二十三年(公元1684年朝泰山時(shí)所題“配天作鎮(zhèn)”巨匾。殿堂內(nèi)擺放著明、清時(shí)代的部分祭器。殿內(nèi)東北西三面的《泰山神啟蹕回鑾圖》傳為宋代所繪。壁畫(huà)全長(zhǎng)62米,高3.3米,畫(huà)面借描繪泰山神出巡時(shí)的浩蕩宏偉場(chǎng)面,表現(xiàn)宋真宗東封泰山時(shí)的威嚴(yán)和氣勢(shì),整幅壁畫(huà)以大殿后門(mén)為界,東為“啟蹕圖”,描繪泰山神出巡的場(chǎng)面;西為“回鑾圖”,描繪泰山神返回的情景。整個(gè)畫(huà)面共有人物697人,其裝束、儀態(tài)無(wú)一雷同,加以祥獸坐騎、亭臺(tái)樓閣、山川河流、花草樹(shù)木等,組成一幅瑰麗無(wú)比,氣勢(shì)雄偉的場(chǎng)面。畫(huà)面筆力遒勁流暢,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),布局勻稱自然,人物眉目傳神活潑,衣著線條清晰,表情逼真生動(dòng),再加上色澤的絢麗協(xié)調(diào),給人以極高的美學(xué)享受。
大殿在古時(shí),曾受火災(zāi)和地震的損壞,壁畫(huà)也受到影響,從壁畫(huà)的藝術(shù)處理上可以看出,壁畫(huà)的部分畫(huà)面是后來(lái)重繪的,但整幅畫(huà)基本上保留了宋代原作的面目,它仍為中國(guó)繪畫(huà)史、道教壁畫(huà)史上的一幅不可多得的藝術(shù)珍品。
天貺殿前寬闊的大露臺(tái)分上下兩層,雕欄環(huán)抱,站在大露臺(tái)上,大有豁然開(kāi)朗之感。露臺(tái)兩側(cè)各有一座御碑亭,內(nèi)立乾隆皇帝拜謁岱廟的詩(shī)碑。中間是明萬(wàn)歷年間鑄造的大香爐。露臺(tái)下古柏相夾的甬道向南延伸,盡頭是一個(gè)方形石欄小池,俗稱“閣老池”。皇帝舉行大典參拜泰山神時(shí),群臣就恭候在這里。池內(nèi)及周?chē)?塊姿態(tài)怪異的太湖石是金大安元年(公元1220xx年)泰安縣令吳銜與其母王氏所獻(xiàn)。每塊石頭各俱特色,仔細(xì)觀賞耐人尋味,甬道中間有一玲瓏石卓然而立,名為“扶桑石”。扶桑石北面有一株古柏獨(dú)立階下,名為“孤忠柏”,民間傳說(shuō)唐朝女皇帝武則天懷疑其也與大臣石忠謀反,便將其殺害,石忠冤魂不散,便來(lái)到東岳大帝前告武則天滅子之狀,從而化為孤柏。據(jù)說(shuō),游人蒙住雙眼繞扶桑石左右各轉(zhuǎn)三圈,然后去摸對(duì)面的孤忠柏,凡能扶到的,都是神氣很大的人。這些富有浪漫色彩的傳說(shuō)固不可信,但卻顯示了泰山悠久的歷史和文化的發(fā)達(dá),那些編寫(xiě)傳說(shuō)的民間才子,把人間的善與惡巧妙地融匯在柏樹(shù)的形象中,給后人留下了許許多多的感慨。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇12
Dear friends;
How do you do!
Confucius said, "it's a pleasure to have friends coming from afar.". Today,with this famous saying of Confucius, I welcome you to visit Qufu, Confucius'hometown. I'm your local tour guide. I hope you can have a better understandingof the three Confucius culture through my explanation. I hope you have a goodtime here and have a good time. Before entering the scenic area, please allow meto give you a brief introduction of Sankong scenic area and Qufu. Qufu islocated in the southwest of Shandong Province, with a population of 620000 and atotal area of 890 square kilometers. The word "Qufu" first appeared in Erya.Ying Shao explained in the Eastern Han Dynasty that there was a Fu in the cityof Lu, and Weiqu was seven or eight Li long, so it was named "Qufu". The tourguide service of the association, in 1012 ad, was once renamed "Xianyuan" countyto commemorate the birth of Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of the Chinesenation. In the seventh year of Emperor Taizong's Tianhui, it was also renamedQufu, and has been used since then.
Wanren palace wall: now our location is just outside the South Gate of theancient city of qufuming, which is called Wanren palace wall. There are four bigcharacters "Wanren palace wall" right above the gate. "Ren" is an ancient unitof length, one Ren is about 8 feet, equivalent to 1.6 meters now. It is saidthat some people praised Confucius' disciple Zigong for his knowledge. Afterhearing that, Zigong said, "human knowledge is like a palace wall. My knowledgeis only as high as the top of the wall. But Confucius, my teacher, has severalwalls. If you don't find its door, you can't see the beauty of the temple in thewall.". In order to show his worship of Confucius, Emperor Qianlong of QingDynasty ordered people to hang the four characters "Wanren palace wall" on thewall.
1、 Confucius Temple
Overview of Confucius Temple: Confucius Temple is a temple dedicated toConfucius, a thinker, statesman and educator in our country during the springand Autumn period,
Confucius Temple is the largest and oldest one. It has become one of thethree ancient buildings in China along with the Forbidden City and summerresort. The temple is 1130 meters long, 168 meters wide from east to west,covering an area of 150000 square meters. The whole complex is divided into ninecourtyards arranged symmetrically. There are five halls, one ancestral temple,one Pavilion, one altar, two verandas, two halls, 17 stele pavilions, 53gatehouses, a total of 466. The building area is about 16000 square meters.Confucius Temple is known as "solitary example" in the history of worldarchitecture. It integrates history, architectural culture, art, calligraphy,stone carvings and ancient tombs. It is the crystallization of the wisdom ofancient laborers in our country. It is a precious historical and culturalheritage. In 1961, it was announced as the first batch of cultural relicsprotection units by the State Council. In 1994, it was listed as a worldcultural heritage by UNESCO. In 20__, it was listed as a national 5A touristattraction.
"Jinshengyuzhen" Square: it is the first gate square of Confucius Temple.It was built in the 17th year of Jiajing reign of Ming Dynasty. It is 5.6 metershigh and 13.5 meters long, with octagonal columns. On the top of the column,there is a armored animal guarding against heaven and evil. On the lintel, theinscription "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" is written by Hu zuanzong, a great calligrapherof the Ming Dynasty. The four words "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" come from Mencius. Usingthe meaning of Mencius, it expresses Confucius' consummate knowledge, just likethe whole process of playing music, which is complete from beginning to end.Ancient music begins with the ringing of a bell and ends with the striking of achime. Praising Confucius for his learning is like the sound of gold and jade.The sound of gold is the sound of a bell, indicating the beginning, and thesound of jade is the sound of a chime, indicating the end. This is also thesource of the idiom "doing things from beginning to end". "Two cypresses bearone hole": passing yuzhenfang, this single hole stone arch bridge is called"Panshui bridge", which is connected with the water in the pan pool beside thepalace, so it is called "pan water". In the past, when I read the book ofConfucius and Mencius, I was admitted to higher education, which is called"entering hope". Officials hope to be promoted, do business, hope to get rich,and live a prosperous life. There is an ancient cypress on both sides of thebridge, so it is called "two cypresses bear one hole". After the bridge, thereare two stone tablets on the East and West, which are engraved with "officialsand people waiting to dismount here", and called "dismounting stele". In thepast, civil and military officials and common people passed by, so they had todismount and get off the sedan chair to show their respect for Confucius."Lingxing gate": This gate is called "Lingxing gate". It was built in the MingDynasty. "Lingxingmen" was inscribed by Qianlong. There are two or eight starsin the sky, and the one in charge of culture is called "Lingxing", also known asWenqu star. Connecting Confucius with the star in charge of culture in the skyis enough to prove that Confucius' culture stone is the highest. The ancientsworshipped the heaven, first of all, they worshipped Wenqu star. There is asaying that respecting Confucius is like respecting heaven. You see, the squareis 10.34 meters high and 13 meters wide. The columns are cut up and down. Theintersection of the two sections is supported by a strong stone column. On thehead of the column are the portraits of the four heavenly kings, and in themiddle are the pearls of fire. It means that the door is protected by heaven.This gate was rebuilt from wood to iron beams and stone columns.
Dazhongmen: dazhongmen is the main gate of the Confucius Temple in the SongDynasty. It was rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty. The three words "dazhongmen" wereinscribed by Emperor Qianlong. Its original name was gonghemen, and later it wasrenamed dazhongmen. The large and medium-sized facade is extended to 5 rooms,which is a single eaves building on the top of the mountain. On the one hand, wecan see the continuous expansion of Confucius Temple, on the other hand, we cansee the historical evolution of Confucius Temple.
Chenghua stele: the Chenghua stele we see now is the most famous one in theConfucius Temple, which was set up by Zhu Jianshen, the emperor of Chenghua inthe Ming Dynasty. There are two things that have attracted the attention of yourcelebrities. First, Chenghua tablet's regular script is well written,standardized, exquisite and attractive; The second is the highest evaluation ofConfucius. Emperors of all dynasties have commented on Confucius. The highestevaluation is emperor Chenghua. He compares Confucius' ideas and methods toeating, dressing and spending money. One day is inseparable from them. WithConfucius' principles and methods, one can make the best use of one's talents,materials and land. Otherwise, it will be a mess. It is said that if there isConfucius' way, there will be a world. If there is no Confucius' way, there willbe no world. If there is anti Confucius' way, there will be no world.
Tongwenmen: take the meaning of tongwenmen. That is to say, only withconcerted efforts and unity can we do a good job; the writing should be unified,only with unified writing can we record the experience of historicalcommunication, and random writing will lead to confusion. Tongwen gate is animportant barrier in front of Kuiwen Pavilion.
Kuiwen Pavilion: the wooden structure building in front of us is called"Kuiwen Pavilion". Originally known as the library, Kuiwen Pavilion is a placefor collecting the Secretary of the emperor. It was first built in the SongDynasty. There are seven rooms on three floors. This magnificent building ismade entirely of wood, without riveting. Like building blocks, it has become an"isolated example" in the history of Chinese architecture. After severalearthquakes, "kuiwenge" was not destroyed. During the reign of Kangxi, there wasa great earthquake in Qufu, "houses in the world are nine, but there is one".However, kuiwenge stands upright and safe, which shows the wisdom and superbarchitectural art of the ancient working people in our country.
Thirteen stele pavilions: now we enter the sixth courtyard of ConfuciusTemple. There are 13 stele pavilions and 55 steles. They were established inTang, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most of the inscriptions are writtenin Chinese, Ba Si Ba and Manchu, which are records of the emperor's posthumoustitle and seal, temple worship and temple renovation. In order to show himself,the Qing emperor built the stele Pavilion in front of it, which led to theappearance of courtyard. This kind of architecture structure is called"intrigue" in ancient architecture. There are eight steles in the South and fivesteles in the north. Eight in the South and five in the north, so it is calledthe thirteen stele Pavilion. Because they were all stele pavilions approved bythe emperor, it is also called "imperial stele Pavilion".
Dachengmen: now we enter dachengmen, "dachengmen" refers to dachengmen,which was rebuilt by fire in the Qing Dynasty. The three characters ofdachengmen were inscribed by Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty.
Master hand planted cypress: the cypress tree in dachengmen was planted byConfucius. According to records, Confucius once planted three trees here, andthen two died. This tree withered three times and thrived three times. There isalso a saying that "when the cypress tree grows more and more, the Kong familygrows more and more.". The five characters of "the first teacher planted cypressby hand" were written by Yang Guangxun, a talented man in Wanli period of MingDynasty. Apricot altar: the "apricot altar" in front of us was built in the SongDynasty to commemorate Confucius' lectures. It is said that Confucius taught tohis disciples under the big apricot tree on the platform. Because there areapricot trees around here, it is called "apricot altar". In the pavilion ofXingtan, there are two steles. On the front of one stele is engraved the"Xingtan Fu" written by Emperor Qianlong when he first came to Qufu, which isregular script. On the back is the running script inscribed by Emperor Qianlongwhen he came to Xingtan for the second time. Dacheng Hall: the hall standing infront of us is the world-famous "Dacheng hall". It is one of the "three mainhalls" in China. It is as famous as the "Taihe hall" in the Forbidden City inBeijing and the "Tianfu hall" in the Dai Temple in Taishan Mountain. Itsmagnificence is more than it can be. The hall is 24.8 meters high, 45.78 meterswide and 24.8 meters deep, with carved beams and painted buildings. The goldenwall is brilliant, especially the 28 stone pillars around it. They are all worldcultural treasures. They are all carved with whole stones. The front 10 are deepreliefs, with two dragons playing with pearls on each pillar. They are coiledand rising, lifelike, powerful and varied. In the past, when the emperor came,the Kong Family wrapped the column in yellow cloth. I'm afraid they'll beashamed if they see it. The dragon pillars on both sides and the back porch arebas reliefs, with 72 dragons per pillar, a total of 1296. There is a statue ofConfucius in the Dacheng hall. Every year, on September 26 and 28, we hold agrand international Confucius Culture Festival and a ceremony to commemorate thebirth of Confucius. We perform large-scale music and dance for Confucius and"Xiao Shao music and dance" and hold a variety of cultural and tourismactivities. Welcome to our time. Two verandahs: the houses on the East and westsides of Dacheng hall are called "two verandahs", which are places where thelater generations worship the sages and scholars. Most of the worthy Confuciansare famous figures in the later Confucian school. In the Tang Dynasty, therewere only more than 20 people. By the time of the Republic of China, there were156 people. These people were originally portraits. In the Jin Dynasty, theywere statues. In the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, they were all woodentablets with names on them, and they were consecrated in shrines. Now there arestone carvings of all ages on display in the two verandas.
Bedroom Hall: turn back along the corridor of Dacheng hall, then you cometo the bedroom hall. The bedchamber is a place for offering sacrifices toConfucius' wife. It is the third largest building of Confucius Temple.Confucius' wife was born in Song Dynasty in the late spring and Autumn period.Qi Guan, who had a compound surname, married Confucius at the age of 19. He wasa good wife and mother and died seven years before Confucius. He was honored as"the lady of the supreme sage". Enjoy sacrifice as Confucius. There are 28 stonepillars carved with Phoenix. Each pillar is carved with 72 Phoenix, the samenumber as the dragon. So it's called "Long Feng Cheng Xiang"
Yuhonglou legal stickers: the 572 "yuhonglou legal stickers" displayed hereare descendants of Confucius in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
Kong Jisu collected the handwriting of the famous calligraphers of the pastdynasties and copied it. These stone carvings were originally placed in theYuhong building of the "Twelve Fu" in Qufu. They were moved to the ConfuciusTemple in 1951 and displayed in 1964. They are of great artistic value forcalligraphy lovers.
Temple of Miracles: the last building of Confucius Temple. It was built inthe Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty and was presided over by the censor heChuguang. There are 120 paintings and stone carvings in the hall, which reflectthe main activities and remarks of Confucius' life. It is the first stonecarvings with complete character stories in our country.
2、 Confucius Mansion
Front hall building of Confucius' mansion: it is the place where Confucius'76th generation grandson Kong Lingyi and his wife live. Here you can experiencethe living room of the Royal Palace of the feudal dynasty. The existing Qiantangbuilding was rebuilt in the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, withEast and West buildings on both sides. It was built in the Qing Dynasty. Hung inthe middle of the hall are four big characters written by Kong Lingyi, whichmeans that the Kong family will remain prosperous and vigorous forever.
Confucius' mansion: adjacent to the Confucius Temple, it is the residenceof Confucius' eldest son and grandson. It has three roads, nine courtyards andConfucius' mansion, also known as "Yansheng mansion". "Yan Sheng" means that"Sheng Dao" and "Sheng Yi" can be inherited from generation to generation. Largescale construction was carried out in the Qing Dynasty. This is the Confucianmansion, which is a typical building in our feudal society.
Confucius' greedy Wall: there is a unicorn shaped animal on the door ofConfucius' house called "greedy". It is said that this animal is very viciousand can swallow gold and silver. Although it is full of treasures at its feetand around, it is still not satisfied and wants to eat the sun in the sky. It isreally "greedy". In the past, Confucius painted greedy paintings here, and youcan see them when you go out It is also a warning to our children andgrandchildren not to be corrupt and pervert the law.
Hall: it is the place where Emperor Yan read the imperial edict, metofficials, tried cases, and held ceremonies on festivals and birthdays. Itdisplays the first-class nobility. On the north side of the wall, those goldlettered signs on a red background are the symbols of nobility and privilege,commonly known as "Eighteen cloud tiles". With these brands, Yan Shenggong hasbeen able to travel freely in Beijing.
Second Hall: it was the place where Yan Shenggong met with officials abovegrade four and was entrusted by the emperor to take the examination of rites andmusic for the imperial court every year. There are seven Royal steles in thehouse, including the stele of "Fu Shou" written by Emperor Daoguang of the QingDynasty, the character of "Shou" written by the kind empress dowager and thepicture of pine and crane.
Third Hall: also known as the retreat hall, is the place where YanShenggong deals with family disputes and punishes servants in the house. Theplaque of "six generations of Han Yi" hanging in the middle of the house waswritten by Emperor Qianlong. At that time, six generations of Confucius lived inthe same hall. This plaque means that the six generations lived in harmony andhad a happy life.
Inner house gate: after the three halls, it is the inner house part ofConfucius' mansion, also known as inner house courtyard. The inner door isseparated from the outside. This gate is heavily guarded and no one is allowedto enter without permission. The emperor of Qing Dynasty specially granted threepairs of weapons, namely Huwei stick, Yanyi boring and Jintou jade stick. Thegatekeeper stood in front of the door with weapons, and those who disobeyed theorders were punished severely. On the west side of the door, there is a specialwater tank, Shiliu, which is exposed outside the wall. According to theregulations of the government, the water bearer is not allowed to enter theinner house, but only pour the water into the inner wall of the tank to flowinto the inner house.
Front upper room: it is the living room for the master of Confucius toreceive his close relatives and Jinzhi people. It is also the main place forthem to hold family banquets and weddings and funerals. The room is decoratedwith gorgeous furnishings, cultural relics and antiques.
Houtanglou: the residence of kongdecheng, the seventy seventh generation ofConfucius. Kong Decheng was born in 1920. Less than two months after he wasborn, he was appointed by the then president Xu Shichang as the emperor ofXifeng. In 1935, he was awarded the title of "the most holy and venerableofficial of Dacheng" by Nanjing National Government. She married Ms. sun Qifangin 1936. Most of the time after that, he was in Chongqing and Nanjing with thenational government, and moved from Nanjing to Chinese Taiwan on the eve of theliberation of the mainland in 1949.
Back garden of Confucius Mansion: it was built in the 16th year of Hongzhiin Ming Dynasty. After three major repairs, it covers an area of more than 50mu. In the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, when Kong Qingfei, the 73rdgeneration grandson of Confucius, rebuilt the garden, he placed several largeiron ores in it, so it was also called "iron mountain garden". Among them, "fivecypress baohuai" is a cypress tree in the middle and a Sophora tree around, soit is called five cypress baohuai. It's a wonder in the garden. It symbolizesthe Confucius family's family life of mutual love, mutual assistance and mutualaid for hundreds of years.
3、 Kong Lin
Kong Lin: it is the cemetery of Confucius and his family. It is the longestand largest family cemetery in the world. Konglin is located on the northernSurabaya of Qufu City, covering an area of 3000 mu. There are four types ofChinese classical architecture: Palace, garden, Mausoleum and temple. TheConfucius Temple in Confucius' mansion embodies the characteristics of palaceand Garden Temple, while the Confucius forest is a kind of mausoleum and garden.Confucius Temple and Confucius Mansion show the profundity of Confucius thoughtand the solemnity of your family. Kong Lin embodies the glory of Confucius andhis descendants after their death. Since Confucius was buried with his wife,people planted trees for the beginning of Confucius forest. After more than twothousand years of continuous expansion of more than 70 belts, a large area ofKong Family cemetery Kong Lin was gradually formed.
Shinto: out of the north gate of Fucheng, there is a road leading toGuling, so you call it Konglin Shinto. In the ancient concept, Shinto was thechannel sent by the gods when Confucius accepted the sacrifice. The whole Shintois paved with green stones, and the ancient cypresses are arranged on both sidesof the Shinto until the door of Konglin. They come in different shapes,
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇13
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對(duì)孔子曾有過(guò)這樣的評(píng)價(jià),他說(shuō):“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂(lè)的全過(guò)程,以擊鐘開(kāi)始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個(gè)獨(dú)角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會(huì)王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門(mén)叫“欞星門(mén)”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門(mén)”三個(gè)字為乾隆所書(shū)。“太和元?dú)狻狈煌敖鹇曈裾瘛狈徊畈欢啵}字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書(shū),贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬(wàn)物。此院東西各有一座腰門(mén),東邊上書(shū)“德侔(mou,相等,齊)天地一樣大,他的學(xué)說(shuō)古今來(lái)說(shuō)都是最好的”。這座門(mén)叫“圣時(shí)門(mén)”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測(cè)之感。“圣時(shí)”二字,取<<孟子.萬(wàn)章下>>,“孔子,圣之時(shí)者也”句,意思是說(shuō),在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時(shí)代者。
過(guò)圣時(shí)門(mén)迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側(cè)偏南各有一座門(mén),東門(mén)叫“快睹門(mén)”,是先睹為快的意思,西門(mén)叫“仰高門(mén)”贊頌孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)十分高深。我們進(jìn)入的大門(mén),稱“弘道門(mén)”,這三個(gè)字取自<<論語(yǔ).衛(wèi)星公>>“人能弘道”的句子,以此來(lái)贊頌孔子闡發(fā)了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門(mén)也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時(shí)孔廟的大門(mén)。再往后是“大中門(mén)”,大中門(mén)是宋朝時(shí)期孔廟的大門(mén),原名叫“宮和門(mén)”,字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關(guān),由此門(mén)向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴(kuò)大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建的時(shí)代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構(gòu)成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時(shí)可以看到一部分中國(guó)封建社會(huì)的發(fā)展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見(jiàn)深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑的特點(diǎn)是書(shū)法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫(xiě)成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說(shuō)是之最。大家請(qǐng)看右上角,那上面寫(xiě)道:“聯(lián)惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無(wú)焉”,又說(shuō):“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動(dòng)物不是烏龜,叫赑屃,是龍的兒子,特別能負(fù)重,所以用來(lái)馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內(nèi),龍和龍的9個(gè)兒子,你都可以看到,當(dāng)?shù)氐睦习傩粘?lái)這里撫摸這赑屃,他們說(shuō):“摸摸赑屃的頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸赑屃的腚,一輩子不生病”。(赑屃(bi xi),形似龜,好負(fù)重,為石碑下的龜趺fu指碑的龜形 底座)
我們面前的這座木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟的藏書(shū)樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫(huà)”,后來(lái)人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構(gòu)造堅(jiān)固而且合理,康熙年間曲阜曾有過(guò)一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無(wú)恙,由此可見(jiàn)我國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術(shù)。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入孔廟的第六進(jìn)院落,展現(xiàn)在大家面前的是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內(nèi)保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對(duì)孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀(jì)錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京的西山,在當(dāng)時(shí),將如此重量的石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運(yùn)至曲阜,不能不說(shuō)是一個(gè)奇跡。此院東、西各有一門(mén),是孔廟第三道腰門(mén),為“東華門(mén)、西華門(mén)”。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入大成門(mén),“大成門(mén)”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門(mén)并列,最西邊為啟圣門(mén),是供奉孔子父母的地方,中路大成門(mén),又有“金聲門(mén)、玉振門(mén)”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心的地方,東為承圣門(mén),原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大的思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認(rèn)為,孔子首先是個(gè)教育家,他是中國(guó)第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬(wàn)世師表”,應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō),他是全人類(lèi)的老師,是名符其實(shí)的“人類(lèi)靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”,相傳是當(dāng)年孔子設(shè)壇講學(xué)的地方,金代建亭作以紀(jì)念,著名文人黨懷英書(shū)“杏壇”二字。壇側(cè)有棵杏樹(shù),為后人所栽,每當(dāng)初春時(shí)節(jié),紅花綻開(kāi),綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來(lái)朝拜時(shí),曾賦詩(shī)贊之,詩(shī)曰:重來(lái)又值秈(xian,一種米,米粒細(xì)而長(zhǎng))開(kāi)時(shí),幾樹(shù)東風(fēng)簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚(yáng)天下的“大成殿”,它是中國(guó)的“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮的“太和殿”,泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫(huà)棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周?chē)?8根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤(pán)繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過(guò)去皇帝來(lái)了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們?nèi)艨匆?jiàn)恐怕也會(huì)自慚不如。兩側(cè)及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著孔子塑像,兩側(cè)為四配,東西是復(fù)圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大的國(guó)際孔子文化節(jié)和孔子誕辰紀(jì)念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂(lè)舞和“簫韶樂(lè)舞”,舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動(dòng),歡迎各位到時(shí)光臨。
大成殿兩側(cè)的綠瓦長(zhǎng)廊叫兩半島,共有80間房屋,是后世供奉先賢先儒的地方,在唐朝受供奉的只有20余人,到了民國(guó)多達(dá)156人,這些配享原為畫(huà)像,金時(shí)改為塑像,明代改為木制牌位,期間被拆掉。現(xiàn)在兩廊中主要存放漢畫(huà)像石刻和著名古碑。最珍貴的是漢魏六朝石刻22塊,如“五鳳”“禮器”“乙瑛”“孔廟”“史晨”“張猛龍”碑等,都為國(guó)家級(jí)石碑,被視為書(shū)法藝術(shù)的極品,價(jià)值連城的瑰寶。最北面的兩廡中,珍藏著584塊石碑,叫“玉虹樓”法貼,是孔子68代孫孔繼涑收集了歷代著名書(shū)法家的手跡慕刻而成,具有極高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。
寢殿是供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專祠。圣跡殿是明萬(wàn)歷年間,根據(jù)司馬遷<<史記.孔子世家>>編繪刻石的連環(huán)畫(huà),共有120幅。這是我國(guó)第一部有完整人物故事的連環(huán)畫(huà)。
我們現(xiàn)在的位置是孔廟東路,這里當(dāng)年為孔子故宅,這口水井為“孔子故宅井”,是當(dāng)年孔子飲水之井,后人稱為“圣水”。亭內(nèi)的碑有乾隆“飲水拜師”和“故宅井贊”,乾隆8次來(lái)曲阜,竟有他5次題字。后面這座紅色墻壁叫“魯壁”,在秦始皇焚書(shū)坑儒時(shí),孔子9世孫孔鮒把<<論語(yǔ)>>等經(jīng)典藏在此壁內(nèi),墻壁倒塌后被人發(fā)現(xiàn),孔子經(jīng)典方才留傳于世。
這座殿堂叫“詩(shī)禮堂”,是當(dāng)年孔子教兒子學(xué)詩(shī)學(xué)禮的地方,堂前有兩棵宋代銀杏樹(shù),當(dāng)初孔府曾用這棵樹(shù)的果實(shí)做菜,名叫“詩(shī)禮銀杏”大家在品嘗孔府菜時(shí),千萬(wàn)不要忘了點(diǎn)這道菜,因?yàn)榇瞬说某鎏幘驮谶@個(gè)地方。
孔廟是一個(gè)巨大的文化博物館,我們匆匆看一次,只可窺見(jiàn)一斑。不能觀其全貌,尤其是不能會(huì)其神韻,那就留待各位以后再來(lái)時(shí)細(xì)細(xì)品味吧。
下面我們參觀孔府。
孔府即“衍圣公府”,也是世界文化遺產(chǎn)之一,全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。孔府大門(mén)與孔廟僅一墻之隔。孔府共占地240畝,有廳、堂、樓、房463間,在路布局,九進(jìn)院落,東路為“東學(xué)”,西路為“西學(xué)”供游人游覽的主要是中路。
“衍圣公”是北宋至和二年(公元1055年)宋仁宗賜給孔子46代孫孔宗愿的封號(hào),這一封號(hào)子孫相繼,整整襲封了32代,歷時(shí)880多年。遠(yuǎn)在這封號(hào)之前,自西漢以后,歷代封建王朝就給予孔子后代眾多封賜,漢代曾封孔子后代為“奉禮君”“關(guān)內(nèi)候”,魏晉南北朝又封“宗圣候、崇圣大夫”;唐朝封“文宣公”;宋代封“衍圣公”,到民國(guó)孔子77代孔德成時(shí),改稱“奉禮官”。“衍圣公”是我國(guó)封建社會(huì)享有特權(quán)的大貴族,被稱為“天下第一家”,在明代,不僅班列群官之上,還特許在紫禁城騎馬等。孔子的嫡系長(zhǎng)支大多住在孔府,一直到1948年孔子77代孫孔德成離開(kāi)曲阜,遷至中國(guó)臺(tái)灣。
孔府大門(mén)上方高懸藍(lán)底金字“圣府”二字。有趣的是門(mén)兩邊這幅對(duì)聯(lián):上聯(lián)是“與國(guó)咸休安富尊榮公府第”,“富”字缺上面一“點(diǎn)”,寓“富不到頂”,下聯(lián)為“同天并老文章道德圣人家”,“章”字一豎直通“立字”,寓“文章通天”。“與國(guó)咸休”“同天并老”,這是多大的氣派!
孔府二門(mén)里,這座獨(dú)具風(fēng)格的門(mén)叫“恩賜重光門(mén)”,過(guò)去只有帝王大典、迎接“圣旨”時(shí),此門(mén)才在13聲炮聲中徐徐啟開(kāi),此門(mén)又稱“儀門(mén)”或“塞門(mén)”。過(guò)去,一般官宦人家是不允許建的,只有封爵的邦君才能有其殊榮。
這個(gè)院子兩側(cè)的廳房,各掛有一個(gè)牌子,是孔府仿照建王朝六部而設(shè)的六廳,即管色廳、百戶廳、典籍廳、司樂(lè)廳、知印廳、掌書(shū)廳。
孔府“大堂”,是“衍圣公”宣讀圣旨、接見(jiàn)官員、審理重大案件,舉行重大儀式的地方。正中太師椅上,披鋪斑斕虎皮,長(zhǎng)桌上置文房四寶、印章令箭,兩旁擺滿各種兵器、更鼓、云牌、龍旗、官銜木牌,象征著孔府的種.種特權(quán),甚是威嚴(yán)。
二堂,也叫后廳,是當(dāng)年衍圣公會(huì)見(jiàn)四品以上官員的地方,里面的石碑和牌匾是清朝光緒、慈祥太后等封賜給衍圣公及夫人的。二堂東邊為啟事廳,為正四品官,負(fù)責(zé)上傳下達(dá),西邊為伴官?gòu)d,為正七品,據(jù)說(shuō),過(guò)去官員赴京朝拜天子,一般只允許一主兩伴,而只有“衍圣公”可以一主四伴。
三堂,也叫退廳,也是衍圣公私設(shè)公堂,處理家庭內(nèi)部事務(wù)的場(chǎng)所。以上三個(gè)大堂,層層疊進(jìn),很是森嚴(yán),足顯出孔府的圣威和顯赫。
三堂過(guò)后,我們進(jìn)入“內(nèi)宅”,在過(guò)去,內(nèi)宅絕對(duì)不許擅入,有皇帝賜給的虎尾棍、燕翅鏜、金頭玉棍,由十幾人輪流把守,有不遵令入內(nèi)者,“打死勿論”。內(nèi)宅門(mén)西邊這個(gè)水槽叫石流,過(guò)去挑水夫不得進(jìn)入內(nèi)宅,只把水倒進(jìn)石流,淌入內(nèi)宅。
內(nèi)宅門(mén)的內(nèi)壁上畫(huà)著一個(gè)形似麒麟的動(dòng)物,叫“貪”,是傳說(shuō)中的貪婪之獸,能吞下金銀財(cái)寶,你看它連八仙的寶物都吃掉了,還要去吃太陽(yáng)。據(jù)說(shuō)當(dāng)年“衍圣公”出門(mén)時(shí),都要駐足觀看此畫(huà),并有人喊“過(guò)貪門(mén)”,以戒要清正廉潔,不要貪臟枉法。這對(duì)于我們現(xiàn)在的官員和“公仆”們,是不是也有借鑒和啟發(fā)呢?
這是前上房,有正廳7間,是孔府主人接待至親和朋友的地方,當(dāng)年孔府戲班在此演戲,東側(cè)間有乾隆皇帝送給孔府的荊根床,桌上有同治皇帝圣旨原件,中間是404件滿漢全席餐具,菜多達(dá)196道,可想孔府菜之豐盛。西里間,為衍圣公簽閱文件之處。
前堂樓是七間二層樓閣,富麗堂皇,室內(nèi)陳設(shè)布置,全為當(dāng)年原貌,內(nèi)有珍奇書(shū)畫(huà)墨寶、古玩衣冠,里套間為孔子后代孔令貽夫人陶氏臥室,這是孔德成先生的生母,至今尚有她的照片,她原是孔府丫環(huán),后被納妾,生下孔德成,但被陶氏害死。西套間是孔令貽另一夫人豐氏的臥室,此人一生無(wú)聲無(wú)息,27歲就死去了。
這個(gè)院子是后堂樓,各有配樓三間,后堂樓是孔德成先生當(dāng)年結(jié)婚的地方,堂中陳列著當(dāng)年結(jié)婚的用品和名人贈(zèng)送的禮品和題字。孔德成結(jié)婚時(shí),正值西安事變期間,本來(lái)蔣介石先生要親自參加婚禮,但遭到抗日將領(lǐng)張學(xué)良、楊虎成的逮捕,自然,他也就不能參加這最后一代衍圣公的隆重婚禮了。
我們現(xiàn)在參觀孔府后花園,它建于明弘治16年(公元1503年),由吏部尚書(shū)太子太傅,也是孔子62代孫衍圣公孔聞韶的親家李東陽(yáng)設(shè)計(jì)監(jiān)工建造的,到了明嘉靖年間,太子太傅、吏部尚書(shū)、當(dāng)朝權(quán)臣嚴(yán)嵩又助修建,嚴(yán)嵩的孫女嫁給了孔子64代衍圣公孔尚賢為一品夫人。到了清代,乾隆將自己的女兒嫁給了72代衍圣公孔憲培,又為修建孔府花園大動(dòng)土木,經(jīng)過(guò)前后三次大修,花園成了現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模,面積比北京故宮的花園還要大些。這里面有各種奇花異草,古樹(shù)名石如“五柏抱槐”“太湖石假山”等,請(qǐng)各位隨意觀賞一下。
孔府存有大量無(wú)比珍貴的文物,尤其是十余萬(wàn)卷孔府檔案,更是稀世文物,為了保護(hù)這些文物,在李瑞環(huán)同志特此下,撥款修建了孔府檔案館,現(xiàn)在,這些文物和檔案得到了很好的保存。
各位朋友,剛才我們看了祭祀孔子的廟宇,看了孔子后代居住的府第孔府,下邊我們參觀埋葬孔子以及孔子后代的基地孔林。
孔子死后,葬在曲阜泗水之陽(yáng),洙水之陰,即現(xiàn)在的孔林,秦漢時(shí)期,孔林才不過(guò)一頃,隨著孔子地位的提高,孔林的規(guī)模越來(lái)越大,自漢以后,孔林先后重修13次,增植樹(shù)木5次,增地3次,總面積3000余畝,周?chē)?.5公里,并以高3米,厚1.5米的磚墻護(hù)之,孔林是世界上延時(shí)最久、面積最大的家庭墓地,為全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位,世界文化遺產(chǎn)之一。相傳孔子死后,弟子們從各地移來(lái)奇木異草栽植,主要有柏、檜、柞、榆、楷、楊等各類(lèi)樹(shù)木,現(xiàn)在孔林內(nèi)有10余萬(wàn)株樹(shù)木,其中不乏古樹(shù)名木。曲阜是全國(guó)三大碑林之一,古碑?dāng)?shù)量最多,共約五千余塊,其中孔林占三千塊,林內(nèi)尚有李東陽(yáng)、嚴(yán)嵩、翁方鋼、何紹基等書(shū)法大家的碑刻。
孔林內(nèi)古代建筑很多,剛才我們進(jìn)入的兩道門(mén)分別是大林門(mén)和“觀樓”,也稱二林門(mén)。觀樓亦是魯國(guó)故城的北城門(mén),門(mén)上面刻有篆書(shū)“至圣林”三字。
現(xiàn)在我們沿一條約5公里的環(huán)林路了解一下孔林的主要風(fēng)貌。孔林內(nèi)埋葬著孔姓后裔。按照孔家的風(fēng)俗,孔林有三不埋:即不滿18歲的人死后不進(jìn)孔林埋葬,犯了國(guó)家王法被判死刑的人不能進(jìn)孔林,雖是孔姓婦女但已嫁出去的女人不能埋進(jìn)孔林。
我們現(xiàn)在看到是孔子76代孫,也就是77代孔德成的父親孔令貽的墓葬,他與其三位夫人合葬一起。靠近路邊刻有東塘先生之墓的石碑,就是清代大文學(xué)家、名劇<<桃花扇>>的作者孔尚任的墓。孔尚任少時(shí)好學(xué),極為聰明。清康熙23年,圣祖玄燁來(lái)曲阜祭祀孔,要從孔子后裔中選人給他講解經(jīng)書(shū),孔尚任和族兄孔尚立被選給皇帝講經(jīng)。講堂設(shè)在詩(shī)禮堂,孔尚任一入詩(shī)禮堂,就見(jiàn)堂中懸掛著杜甫的詩(shī)句:“兩個(gè)黃鸝鳴翠柳,一行白鷺上青天”。孔尚任看了大喜,拉了族兄一下說(shuō):“我們要入朝做官了”。果然,孔尚任、孔尚立講解深得主上喜歡,13天后便接到任命詔書(shū),被提拔為國(guó)子監(jiān)博士,正六品官,官服前面正好是白鷺圖案。
這座牌坊叫“于氏坊”,正北面是乾隆女兒與孔子72代孫孔憲培的合葬墓。據(jù)說(shuō)乾隆女兒很丑,臉上有塊黑斑,算命先生打卦說(shuō)她一生有災(zāi),必須嫁給一個(gè)有福的人,朝里官員議論,只有圣人后代最有福,可按當(dāng)時(shí)規(guī)定,滿漢不通婚,于是乾隆先讓女兒認(rèn)漢族大臣于敏忠為義父,改姓于,這才嫁給了孔憲培。
我們現(xiàn)在正向孔子墓走去,這條小河叫“洙水河”,橋叫“洙水橋”,這條小河因在人墓前,被后世譽(yù)為“靈源無(wú)窮,宜與天地共長(zhǎng)久”。這甬道兩邊高大的石柱叫“望柱”是進(jìn)“天門(mén)”的標(biāo)志,這象豹的動(dòng)物叫文豹,溫順善良,用以守墓,這個(gè)石刻動(dòng)物叫角端,傳說(shuō)日行一萬(wàn)八千里,并通曉四方語(yǔ)言。這文武兩位石人稱翁仲,秦代驍將,文者執(zhí)笏,武者按劍,守在墓前。這所房子叫享殿,是供奉孔子木主的地方。
這便是孔子墓,周?chē)眉t墻圍繞,約長(zhǎng)里許。墓前石刻“大成至圣文宣王墓”,是明正統(tǒng)八年(公元1433年)黃養(yǎng)正書(shū)。
墓西這座房子是子貢廬墓處,孔子死后,眾弟子守墓3年,盡皆離去,只有子貢守墓6年。孔子墓右邊是孔子的兒子孔鯉墓,前邊是孫子孔及墓,三座墳?zāi)钩省皵y子抱孫”形。這幾座亭子,叫駐蹕亭,是當(dāng)年皇帝祭孔時(shí)休息的地方。(Bì泛指帝王出行的車(chē)駕)
松柏濤濤,墳瑩座座,碑石遍地,訴說(shuō)著千古的故事。
各位朋友,雄偉壯闊的“三孔”向人們展示了中國(guó)古代社會(huì)廣泛而深刻的內(nèi)容,在這里,我們將會(huì)直接感受到以孔子為代表的儒家思想在數(shù)千年歷史中神圣而穩(wěn)固的地位,從而去思考我們中華民族的民族意識(shí)、民族精神是怎樣凝聚,怎樣發(fā)展的,在這里,你不得不為曲阜驕傲,你不得不為孔子驕傲,你不得不為我們偉大的中華民族驕傲。
“三孔”的游覽就到這里,我再把其他一些主要景點(diǎn)和其它方面簡(jiǎn)要的介紹一下。
曲阜的景點(diǎn)很多,多與孔子有關(guān),可以更加增添您的感性認(rèn)識(shí),更多地了解孔子和孔子文化。孔子六藝城座落在曲阜城南,是最近興建的一座
大型旅游景觀,占地200畝,投資5000余萬(wàn)元,它以孔子禮、樂(lè)、射、御、書(shū)、數(shù)為主線,讓您在參與中、在娛樂(lè)中領(lǐng)會(huì)孔子思想的博大精深,在這里面您可以欣賞到盡善盡美的古樂(lè)舞,看到全國(guó)最大的青銅塑像,看到全世界最大的一部論語(yǔ),可以乘坐古牛車(chē)游列國(guó),是曲阜繼“三孔”以后的又一重要旅游景點(diǎn)。“論語(yǔ)碑苑”是反映孔子<<論語(yǔ)>>內(nèi)容的園林建筑,山水亭榭,曲徑通幽,品味很高;尼山孔廟,在曲阜城東南25公里,是孔子的出生地,山清水秀,古跡眾多;顏廟,是祭祀孔子弟子顏?zhàn)拥拇笮凸沤ㄖ海隹赘箝T(mén)再往東30米即到;出顏廟再向東一里路,即到了紀(jì)念周公的大型古建筑周公廟,那里有眾多的古樹(shù)和魯國(guó)故城遺址;出曲阜城向東6里,就是軒轅黃帝的出生地壽丘,在那里您可以看到為紀(jì)念黃帝而立的全世界最大的巨碑“宣和碑”“慶壽碑”,可以看到中國(guó)金字塔式的陵墓“少昊陵”;您如果要了解古代魯國(guó)的風(fēng)俗人情,可以參觀一下魯國(guó)盛世華夏文化城。在曲城北的石門(mén)山,是國(guó)家級(jí)森林公園,林木茂盛,景點(diǎn)眾多,也是孔尚任隱居寫(xiě)<<桃花扇>>,以及唐代大詩(shī)人李白、杜甫生平最后一次宴別之處。在曲阜城南20公里,就是孟子的家鄉(xiāng),有其規(guī)模比三孔稍小些的孟廟、孟府、孟林、孟母林、有岱南奇觀嶧山。向北60公里,就是五岳之首,被稱為中華之魂的泰山,向西90公里,就可以看到水泊梁山的遺址和風(fēng)光。
曲阜交通便利,10
4、327兩條國(guó)道從曲阜城交叉通過(guò),曲阜距濟(jì)南國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)150公里,距濟(jì)寧機(jī)場(chǎng)60公里,距兗州火車(chē)站15公里。
各位朋友如需購(gòu)物,有不少有特色的旅游產(chǎn)品供大家挑選,著名的孔府家酒、孔府香油、孔府黑芝麻板、孔子拓片、尼山硯、儒家經(jīng)典著作等都很有紀(jì)念意義。
曲阜擁有一批星級(jí)賓館給各位提供良好的服務(wù)和食宿條件,三星級(jí)的闕里賓舍座落在孔廟、孔府一側(cè),環(huán)境優(yōu)雅,功能齊全;杏壇賓館是二星級(jí)飯店,座落在六藝城附近,富麗堂皇;貴賓樓也是二星級(jí)飯店,與曲阜汽車(chē)站僅一路之隔;座落在市中心的三孔大酒店、孔府飯店、曲阜大酒店,也都有較好的硬件設(shè)施和上乘的服務(wù),各賓館都有富有特色的孔府菜供您享用。
曲阜是信義之鄉(xiāng),禮儀之邦,濃郁的風(fēng)土人情,熱情好客的人民,古樸的小城風(fēng)貌都會(huì)使您留戀忘返。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇14
不知道您讀沒(méi)讀過(guò)《論語(yǔ)》,那上面開(kāi)篇有一句話叫“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái),不亦樂(lè)乎”。那么我就以孔子這句名言,熱烈地歡迎您來(lái)孔子故鄉(xiāng)曲阜參觀游覽。下面,就由我陪同各位游覽并進(jìn)行導(dǎo)游服務(wù),非常感謝您合作,并衷心地希望您對(duì)我工作多提出批評(píng)意見(jiàn)。
在來(lái)曲阜之前,許多朋友可能已對(duì)曲阜和孔子有了不少了解,但也有朋友知道并不十分詳細(xì),現(xiàn)在,我就在進(jìn)入景點(diǎn)之前,先把曲阜和孔子情況簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下。
曲阜位于中國(guó)山東省西南部,現(xiàn)有人中62萬(wàn)其中城區(qū)人口10萬(wàn),面積約890平方公里。“曲阜”二字始見(jiàn)于《爾雅》一書(shū),東漢應(yīng)邵解釋說(shuō):魯城中有阜,委曲長(zhǎng)七八里,故名“曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年,也就是公元1020xx年,為了紀(jì)念中華民族始祖軒轅黃帝出生在曲阜,曾一度改名“仙源”縣,金太宗天會(huì)7年(公元1120xx年),又復(fù)名曲阜,沿用至今。曲阜是一個(gè)小城,然而,曲阜又是一座有著五千年文明史文化古城,在這片神圣而又古老土地上,中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)古傳說(shuō)中三皇五帝,竟有四人在這里留下了蹤跡。據(jù)《史記》、《帝王世紀(jì)》等史書(shū)記載:“黃帝生于壽丘”,“少昊自窮桑登帝位,稱都曲阜,崩葬云陽(yáng)山”,現(xiàn)在曲阜城東8里,仍留下座金字塔式墳?zāi)?-少昊陵。中國(guó)有句俗話說(shuō)道“人往高處走,水往低處流”,我們是不是可以理解為我們中華民族祖先從這里,從黃河中下游向中原,向黃土高原遷徙過(guò)程,而我們母親之河,黃河、長(zhǎng)江,從黃土高原之上奔騰而下,一瀉千里,最后匯入大海呢!中國(guó)還有句古話叫“江南出才子,江北出圣人”,實(shí)際上,江北圣人幾乎全出自曲阜。在中國(guó)封建時(shí)代,受到皇帝賜封圣人一共有6位,他們分別為至圣孔子、亞圣孟子、復(fù)圣顏?zhàn)印⑹鍪プ铀肌⒆谑ピ印⒃ブ芄^4位都出生在曲阜,后兩位一位是孔子弟子,一位是封地在曲阜,周公后世33代曾在魯國(guó)為國(guó)君,至今山東稱魯,即起于此。現(xiàn)在曲阜地上地下文物眾多,文化燦爛,有國(guó)家級(jí)文物古跡4處,省級(jí)11處,市級(jí)100余處。1982年曲阜被國(guó)務(wù)院公布為全國(guó)首批24個(gè)歷史文化名城之一,1994年曲阜“三孔”被聯(lián)合國(guó)正式列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。由于曲阜對(duì)東方文化重要貢獻(xiàn),不少人稱曲阜為世界三大圣城之一:“東方麥加”。在這里,您不得不沉思,也不能不感奮,因?yàn)檫@里深扎著中華民族根,深扎著中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化根。
各位朋友,在中國(guó),在東方這片有著五千年文明歷史土地上,你也許讀不懂青銅器上銘文,也許不理解人頭獸身表現(xiàn)什么,象征什么。但是,當(dāng)你走進(jìn)中國(guó)人民生活,行走在中華民族繁衍生息、勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造古老土地上,你就能感受到、接觸到中國(guó)人民在日常生活中流露出來(lái)儒家文化氣息,你便能由此體驗(yàn)到中國(guó)人民與其他民族迥然不同生活方式、風(fēng)土人情和理想道德差異。無(wú)論你從哪個(gè)角度,哪個(gè)層次去探究中華民族個(gè)性與品格,都不難發(fā)現(xiàn)儒家文化基因,在漫長(zhǎng)歷史演進(jìn)過(guò)程中,儒家文化幾乎成了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化代名詞。而儒家文化創(chuàng)始人,就是孔子。
孔子,春秋時(shí)代魯國(guó)人,也就是曲阜人,名丘,字仲尼,生于公元前551年,死于公元前479年,享年73歲。孔子3歲時(shí),父親叔梁紇去世,16歲時(shí),母親顏征在去世,少年孔子成了孤兒,開(kāi)始了他在等級(jí)森嚴(yán)封建社會(huì)中獨(dú)自謀生、學(xué)習(xí)和奮斗一生。
孔子少年發(fā)奮自學(xué),勤而好問(wèn),青年時(shí)代便掌握了參與貴族政治必須熟悉禮、樂(lè)、射、御、書(shū)、數(shù)六藝,進(jìn)而掌握了《詩(shī)》、《書(shū)》、《禮》、《樂(lè)》、《易》、《春秋》六經(jīng)內(nèi)容,為創(chuàng)立儒家文化奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
孔子30歲設(shè)學(xué)授徒,開(kāi)始了漫長(zhǎng)教育生涯,他首開(kāi)中國(guó)私人講學(xué)、面向民眾,提倡“有教無(wú)類(lèi)”之風(fēng),成為中國(guó)第一位,也是世界上第一位偉大教育家。
孔子51歲時(shí),才做了中都縣令,后來(lái)曾在魯攝相事,然而時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),他便辭了官,離開(kāi)魯國(guó)開(kāi)始了他長(zhǎng)達(dá)20xx年周游列國(guó)之行。
孔子在68歲時(shí)回到魯國(guó),他把幾乎全部精力放在了教學(xué)和文獻(xiàn)整理上,一直到死。孔子一生是顛沛流離,飽經(jīng)憂患一生,是艱苦卓絕、激勵(lì)奮發(fā)一生,是春風(fēng)化雨,培育英才一生,是著書(shū)立說(shuō),濟(jì)時(shí)救世一生。如今,他軀體雖已灰飛煙滅,但他思想,卻潛入每個(gè)東方人心靈,他熔鑄了中華民族個(gè)性和品格,隨著歷史發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步,孔子還將引導(dǎo)著人類(lèi),跨向21世紀(jì)。
曲阜文物古跡和旅游景點(diǎn)很多,大部分與孔子和孔子文化有關(guān)。現(xiàn)在我們所在位置是曲阜明故城正南門(mén)外,城門(mén)北面是被稱為中國(guó)三大古建筑群之一孔廟。城門(mén)正上方有“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。“仞”是古代長(zhǎng)度單位,一仞約等于8尺。據(jù)說(shuō),有人稱贊孔子弟子子貢很有學(xué)問(wèn),子貢聽(tīng)說(shuō)以后,就說(shuō):“人學(xué)問(wèn)好比宮墻,我學(xué)問(wèn)只有墻頭這么高,人們一看便會(huì)看見(jiàn)墻內(nèi)一切,而我老師孔子這道墻有數(shù)仞,不找到它門(mén)是不能看到墻內(nèi)宗廟之美麗、房舍多種多樣”。后人為表達(dá)對(duì)孔子敬仰,明代胡纘宗就寫(xiě)了“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)字鑲在城門(mén)上,清代乾隆皇帝為了顯示自己對(duì)孔子崇拜,又把胡碑取下,換上了自己寫(xiě)“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”4個(gè)大字。這就是“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”來(lái)歷。
孔廟是后人為祭祀孔子而修建廟宇,始建于孔子死后第2年。面積有327.5畝,仿皇宮之制,分九進(jìn)院落,左右對(duì)稱排列,整個(gè)建筑群共有五殿、一閣、一壇、兩廡、兩堂、17座碑亭、54座門(mén)坊共466間,南北長(zhǎng)約1公里。孔廟恢宏壯麗,面積之大,歷史之久,保存之完整,是世界建筑史上唯一孤例。
孔廟大門(mén)東墻外面有“官員人等至此下馬”碑刻,過(guò)去,任何官員至此,武官要下馬,文官要下轎,以表示對(duì)孔子尊重。
孔廟第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對(duì)孔子曾有過(guò)這樣評(píng)價(jià),他說(shuō):“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂(lè)全過(guò)程,以擊鐘開(kāi)始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個(gè)獨(dú)角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會(huì)王爵府第才可使用飾物。
孔廟第一道門(mén)叫“欞星門(mén)”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門(mén)”三個(gè)字為乾隆所書(shū)。“太和元?dú)?rdquo;坊同“金聲玉振”坊差不多,題字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書(shū),贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬(wàn)物。此院東西各有一座腰門(mén),東邊上書(shū)“德侔天地一樣大,他學(xué)說(shuō)古今來(lái)說(shuō)都是最好”。這座門(mén)叫“圣時(shí)門(mén)”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測(cè)之感。“圣時(shí)”二字,取《孟子.萬(wàn)章下》,“孔子,圣之時(shí)者也”句,意思是說(shuō),在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時(shí)代者。
過(guò)圣時(shí)門(mén)迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側(cè)偏南各有一座門(mén),東門(mén)叫“快睹門(mén)”,是先睹為快意思,西門(mén)叫“仰高門(mén)”贊頌孔子學(xué)問(wèn)十分高深。我們進(jìn)入大門(mén),稱“弘道門(mén)”,這三個(gè)字取自《論語(yǔ).衛(wèi)星公》“人能弘道”句子,以此來(lái)贊頌孔子闡發(fā)了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門(mén)也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時(shí)孔廟大門(mén)。再往后是“大中門(mén)”,大中門(mén)是宋朝時(shí)期孔廟大門(mén),原名叫“宮和門(mén)”,字意思與孔子中庸之道主張有關(guān),由此門(mén)向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟不斷擴(kuò)大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建時(shí)代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構(gòu)成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時(shí)可以看到一部分中國(guó)封建社會(huì)發(fā)展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見(jiàn)深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑特點(diǎn)是書(shū)法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫(xiě)成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說(shuō)是之最。大家請(qǐng)看右上角,那上面寫(xiě)道:“聯(lián)惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無(wú)焉”,又說(shuō):“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面動(dòng)物不是烏龜,叫*屭,是龍兒子,特別能負(fù)重,所以用來(lái)馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內(nèi),龍和龍9個(gè)兒子,你都可以看到,當(dāng)?shù)乩习傩粘?lái)這里撫摸這*屭,他們說(shuō):“摸摸*屭頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸*屭*,一輩子不生病”。
我們面前這座木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟藏書(shū)樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫(huà)”,后來(lái)人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構(gòu)造堅(jiān)固而且合理,康熙年間曲阜曾有過(guò)一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無(wú)恙,由此可見(jiàn)我國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民聰明智慧和高超建筑藝術(shù)。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入孔廟第六進(jìn)院落,展現(xiàn)在大家面前是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內(nèi)保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對(duì)孔子追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇紀(jì)錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京西山,在當(dāng)時(shí),將如此重量石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運(yùn)至曲阜,不能不說(shuō)是一個(gè)奇跡。此院東、西各有一門(mén),是孔廟第三道腰門(mén),為“東華門(mén)、西華門(mén)”。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入大成門(mén),“大成門(mén)”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門(mén)并列,最西邊為啟圣門(mén),是供奉孔子父母地方,中路大成門(mén),又有“金聲門(mén)、玉振門(mén)”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心地方,東為承圣門(mén),原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認(rèn)為,孔子首先是個(gè)教育家,他是中國(guó)第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬(wàn)世師表”,應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō),他是全人類(lèi)老師,是名符其實(shí)“人類(lèi)靈魂工程師”。我們面前“杏壇”,相傳是當(dāng)年孔子設(shè)壇講學(xué)地方,金代建亭作以紀(jì)念,著名文人黨懷英書(shū)“杏壇”二字。壇側(cè)有棵杏樹(shù),為后人所栽,每當(dāng)初春時(shí)節(jié),紅花綻開(kāi),綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來(lái)朝拜時(shí),曾賦詩(shī)贊之,詩(shī)曰:重來(lái)又值秈開(kāi)時(shí),幾樹(shù)東風(fēng)簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前大殿就是名揚(yáng)天下“大成殿”,它是中國(guó)“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮“太和殿”,泰山岱廟“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫(huà)棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周?chē)?8根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤(pán)繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過(guò)去皇帝來(lái)了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們?nèi)艨匆?jiàn)恐怕也會(huì)自慚不如。兩側(cè)及后廊龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著孔子塑像,兩側(cè)為四配,東西是復(fù)圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大國(guó)際孔子文化節(jié)和孔子誕辰紀(jì)念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂(lè)舞和“簫韶樂(lè)舞”,舉行豐富多彩文化、旅游活動(dòng),歡迎各位到時(shí)光臨。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇15
早知曲阜是孔子的家鄉(xiāng),這是我仰慕已久的地方。于是,今年的暑假我和爸爸媽媽就一起去到曲阜參觀著名的三孔——孔廟、孔府、孔林。
首先,我們?nèi)チ丝讖R。在中國(guó),孔廟有很多,但歷史最久、規(guī)模最大、等級(jí)最高應(yīng)屬位于山東曲阜市南門(mén)內(nèi)的第一座孔廟,它又稱圣廟,與北京故宮、承德避暑山莊并稱東方三大古建筑群。我們沿著護(hù)城河慢慢向前走,導(dǎo)游阿姨邊走邊介紹說(shuō):“護(hù)城河是一條很奇怪的河,它不是順道而行的,而是逆行的……”聽(tīng)著聽(tīng)著,不知不覺(jué)中我們漸漸地走到了孔廟。
走進(jìn)大門(mén),“金聲玉振”四個(gè)大字在陽(yáng)光的照射下閃閃生輝。“這個(gè)石門(mén)究竟有著怎么樣的來(lái)歷呢?”我心里暗想,終于,我把這個(gè)疑問(wèn)說(shuō)了出來(lái),“孟子對(duì)孔子有過(guò)這樣的評(píng)價(jià):‘孔子之謂集大成。集大成者,金聲而玉振之也。金聲也者,始條理也;玉振之也者,終條理也’。‘金聲’、‘玉振’表示奏樂(lè)的全過(guò)程,以擊鐘開(kāi)始,這就是金聲,以擊磐告終,這就是玉振。以此象征孔子思想集古圣先賢之大成,贊頌孔子對(duì)文化的巨大貢獻(xiàn)。為了紀(jì)念這個(gè)小典故,后人把孔廟門(mén)前的第一座石坊命名為‘金聲玉振’。”導(dǎo)游阿姨應(yīng)聲回答,真不愧是導(dǎo)游阿姨啊!
走完孔廟,那當(dāng)然要走走孔府啦!孔府是孔子的子孫后代住的地方,孔府有大廳、有大堂、有樓房。東邊是廟,西邊是學(xué)堂,中間是建筑物。建筑物十分高大、雄偉。孔府的后花園里有池塘,池塘里有許許多多的小錦鯉,在池塘里自由自在地游來(lái)游去。
最后,我們?nèi)チ丝琢郑琢质强鬃蛹笆朗来訉O的墓地,也是世界上最大的家族墓地。園內(nèi)古木森森,林下墓家累累,碑蝎林立,石儀成隊(duì)。
曲阜三孔,雄偉壯麗,它不僅是儒家文化的載體,更是中華文明的滄桑足跡!
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇16
The reason why Qufu is famous all over the world is closely related to thename of Confucius. Confucius is one of the greatest philosophers in the worldand the founder of Chinese Confucianism. In the long history of more than 20__years, Confucian culture has gradually become the orthodox culture of China, andhas influenced the countries in East and Southeast Asia, and has become thecornerstone of the whole oriental culture. Qufu's Confucius Mansion, ConfuciusTemple and Confucius forest, collectively referred to as "three Confucius", is asymbol of China's history of commemorating Confucius and advocatingConfucianism. It is famous for its rich cultural heritage, long history, grandscale, rich cultural relics collection and scientific and artistic value.Because of its prominent position in Chinese history and oriental culture, it ishonored as one of the three holy cities in the world.
The original name of Confucius Mansion is Yansheng mansion. Located in theeast of Confucius Temple, it is the office of Confucius' eldest grandson. LiuBang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, offered sacrifices to Confucius' tomb andmade Confucius' ninth grandson the king of worship, representing the state. Inthe Song Dynasty, it was granted the title of Yan Shenggong. In the 10th year ofHongwu in Ming Dynasty, an independent Yansheng government was established.There are more than 480 buildings, halls and halls. The former is the governmentoffice, and the latter is the inner house. There are famous Confucius archivesand a large number of cultural relics in the mansion.
Confucius' mansion, known as "the first house in the world", is theresidence of Confucius' lineage for a long time. It is also a typical buildingof the combination of government office and inner residence in Chinese feudalsociety. After the death of Confucius, the descendants of Confucius lived nextto the temple for generations to take care of the relics of Confucius. By theend of the Northern Song Dynasty, the houses of the descendants of Confucius hadbeen expanded to dozens. By the Jin Dynasty, the descendants of Confucius hadalways been in the east of the temple. With the promotion of Confucius' officialposition and the improvement of his title, the buildings of Confucius' mansionhad been expanded to the present scale in the song, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Nowthe Confucius Mansion covers an area of about 7.4 hectares, with 480 ancientbuildings, nine courtyards in front and back, and three roads in the middle,East and West.
The gate of Confucius' mansion is a five purlin hanging mountain stylebuilding, and the plaque reads "Shengfu" written by Yan Song of Ming Dynasty.There is a couplet on both sides of the door, which is "the same day as thestate and Xianxiu, an Fu and Zunrong mansion, and the old article" moral sagefamily ". The word" Fu "is a little less, which means" wealth without a head ",and the word" Zhang "is vertical to the top, which means" the article reachesheaven ". This couplet summarizes the style of" sage family "for thousands ofyears.
Following the example of the six ministries of the feudal dynasty, theConfucius government set up six halls. On both sides of the two gates, they wereGuangou hall, Baihu hall, classics hall, sile hall, Zhiyin hall, Zhangshu halland public administration hall. Ming Dynasty building, a total of five deepthree, spacious and generous, for the year read the edict, meet officials, trialof major cases.
The Confucius Mansion covers an area of 240 mu, with 463 halls, halls,buildings and rooms. Nine into the courtyard, three road layout: the east roadis the east school, jianyiguan hall, muen hall, Kongs family temple andworkshops; the west road is the west school, hongyuxuan, Zhongshu hall, Anhuaihall and Huating hall; the main part of the Confucius Mansion is in the MiddleRoad, the front is the government office, the front is three halls and sixhalls, the back is the inner house, the front upper room, the front and backhall, the auxiliary building, the back six rooms, and finally the garden.
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇17
女士們、先生們:曲阜是我國(guó)古代偉大的思想家、政治家、教育家孔子的故鄉(xiāng),全國(guó)首批公布的24個(gè)歷史文化名城之一。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái),不亦樂(lè)乎。”今天,我有幸為各位擔(dān)任導(dǎo)游,十分高興。我將盡力為大家提供滿意的服務(wù),不足之處,請(qǐng)批評(píng)指正。
曲阜概況 在參觀“三孔”之前,請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我把曲阜概況介紹一下:
曲阜地處魯中山區(qū)和魯西南平原的交界處,北依泰山,南引嶧山,東連沂蒙群山,西俯千疇平原。地勢(shì)東高西低,境內(nèi)泗河、沂河等河流均自東向西流淌,自古就有“圣人門(mén)前倒流水”之說(shuō)。物產(chǎn)豐富的,景色宜人的。大詩(shī)人李白曾描寫(xiě)曲阜:“笑夸故人指絕境,山光水色青如蘭”。
曲阜歷史悠久,早在五六千年前,我們的祖先就在這里繁衍生息,創(chuàng)造了人類(lèi)早期的文明。不少古籍中,還有炎帝、少吳徙都于曲阜,黃帝生于壽丘(曲阜城東8里 處),舜于壽丘作什器的記載。可見(jiàn),中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代最有影響的三皇五帝中就有四人在曲阜留下了蹤跡。盡管這是傳說(shuō),但也并不是毫無(wú)根據(jù)的。從境內(nèi)保存下來(lái)的20余處大汶口文化和龍山文化遺址中仍可見(jiàn)到我們的祖先征服自然的遺跡。 “曲阜”一名最早見(jiàn)于《禮記》。東漢應(yīng)劭解釋說(shuō):“魯城東有阜,委曲長(zhǎng)七八里,故名曲阜。”商代前期,曲阜名奄,是商王朝的重要屬國(guó)的。周代自“封周公于曲阜”800余年,曲阜為魯國(guó)都城,是當(dāng)時(shí)我國(guó)一個(gè)重要的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心。春秋時(shí)期,孔子首創(chuàng)私人講學(xué)之風(fēng),“弟子三千,賢者七十有二”遍及全國(guó)各地,又成了當(dāng)時(shí)的教育中心的。魯國(guó)是曲阜歷史上的黃金時(shí)期,以“禮儀之邦”著稱于世,故山東省現(xiàn)仍沿用“魯”作為簡(jiǎn)稱的。公元前 249年,楚滅魯,置魯縣,秦代屬薛郡,西漢時(shí)為魯國(guó)都,魏晉南北朝時(shí)為魯郡治。隋開(kāi)皇十六年(596年),首定曲阜為縣名。宋代改稱仙源縣,金代恢復(fù)曲阜縣名至今。1986年撤縣制,始稱曲阜市。現(xiàn)面積為890平方公里,人口60余萬(wàn)。 悠久的歷史,燦爛的文化,給曲阜留下了大量的文物古跡,主要的有110余處,其中孔廟、孔府、孔林及魯國(guó)故城遺址被列為全國(guó)首批公布的重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位,另有11處列為全省重要文物保護(hù)單位。“三孔”還于1994年被聯(lián)合國(guó)列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
新中國(guó)建立后,特別是黨的十一屆三中全會(huì)以來(lái),黨和對(duì)曲阜的文物古跡十分關(guān)注,國(guó)家先后撥款3000多萬(wàn)元對(duì)“三孔”進(jìn)行了全面修茸。近年來(lái),為了大力發(fā)展旅游事業(yè),曲阜又相繼開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)了孔子六藝城、論語(yǔ)碑苑、魯國(guó)盛世華夏文化城等一批新的旅游景點(diǎn),形成人文與自然景觀,新老景點(diǎn)渾然一體,相映生輝的旅游資源新格局,成為中外游人向往的文化旅游勝地。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇18
“孔廟、孔府、孔林”并稱“三孔”,是國(guó)家第一批重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位,1994年被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。20xx年5月8日,孔子故里——曲阜(三孔)旅游區(qū)經(jīng)國(guó)家旅游局正式批準(zhǔn)為國(guó)家5A級(jí)旅游景區(qū)。“孔廟、孔府、孔林”既是中國(guó)古代推崇儒家思想的象征和標(biāo)志,也是研究中國(guó)歷史、文化、藝術(shù)的重要實(shí)物。
孔廟:始建于公元前478年,是中國(guó)現(xiàn)存規(guī)模僅次于故宮的古建筑群,堪稱中國(guó)古代大型祠廟建筑的典范,是中國(guó)三大古建筑群之一,在世界建筑史上占有重要地位。孔廟共有九進(jìn)院落,縱向軸線貫穿整座建筑,左右對(duì)稱,布局嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),縱長(zhǎng)630米,橫寬140米,有殿、堂、壇、閣460多間,門(mén)坊54座,“御碑亭”13座,占地面積約9600平方米。孔廟內(nèi)的圣跡殿、十三碑亭及大成殿東西兩廡,陳列著大量碑碣石刻,特別是這里保存的漢碑,在全國(guó)是數(shù)量最多的,歷代碑刻亦不乏珍品,其碑刻之多僅次西安碑林,所以它有我國(guó)第二碑林之稱。
孔府:也稱“衍圣公府”,是孔子嫡系長(zhǎng)孫歷代衍圣公的官衙住宅。孔子后代賜爵始于公元前195年(漢高祖十二年),隨著歷代帝王對(duì)孔子后代賜封的不斷升高,孔府的建筑規(guī)模也不斷擴(kuò)大,宋仁宗寶元元年(公元1038年) 開(kāi)始擴(kuò)建孔府,明嘉靖年間又改建,奠定了今天的規(guī)模,成為我國(guó)僅次于北京故宮的貴族府第,號(hào)稱“天下第一家”。孔府占地16萬(wàn)平方米,有樓軒廳堂463間,院落九進(jìn),布局分東、西、中三路:東路為家祠所在地,報(bào)本堂、桃廟等;西路為衍圣公讀書(shū)、學(xué)詩(shī)學(xué)禮、燕居吟詠和會(huì)客之所,忠恕堂、安懷堂,南北花廳為招待一般來(lái)賓的客室;中路是孔府的主體部分,前為官衙,設(shè)三堂六廳,后為內(nèi)宅,最后是花園。孔府內(nèi)存大批歷史文物,最著名的是“商周十器”, 亦稱“十供”,形制古雅,紋飾精美,原為宮廷所藏青銅禮器,清于乾隆三十六年賞賜孔府。還存有金石、陶瓷、竹木、牙雕、玉雕、珍珠、瑪瑙、珊瑚以及元、明、清各代各式衣冠劍履、袍笏器皿,另有歷代名人字畫(huà),其中元代七梁冠為國(guó)內(nèi)僅存。孔府是我國(guó)封建社會(huì)中典型的官衙與內(nèi)宅合一的貴族府邸。
孔林:又稱至圣林,是孔子及其子孫后代的家族墓地,孔林現(xiàn)有墳冢10萬(wàn)余座,是世界上延時(shí)最久、規(guī)模最大的家族墓地。孔林還可稱為是一座天然植物園。相傳孔子去逝后,“弟子各以四方奇木來(lái)植,故多異樹(shù)”,林內(nèi)現(xiàn)有各類(lèi)古樹(shù)名木10萬(wàn)余株,上千類(lèi)花草樹(shù)木,爭(zhēng)相斗艷。孔林又稱得上名副其實(shí)的露天博物館。在萬(wàn)木掩映的孔林中,碑石如林,石儀成群,各種墓碑、題記4000余塊,石儀、門(mén)坊300余座。除一批著名漢碑移入孔廟外,林內(nèi)尚有李格非、吳寬、黃養(yǎng)正、嚴(yán)嵩、孔尚任、桂馥、翁方鋼、何紹基、阮元、施潤(rùn)章、康有為等著名人士及孔子嫡系后裔題寫(xiě)的墓碑文。這里既可考春秋之葬,證秦漢之墓,又可研究我國(guó)歷代經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化發(fā)展和喪葬風(fēng)俗的演變。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇19
尊敬的各位游客:
你們好!我是大家的導(dǎo)游小陳,首先對(duì)光臨名城曲阜參觀游覽的各位佳賓表示熱烈地歡迎。我有幸為大家導(dǎo)游陪同參觀,非常高興,這是咱們共同頎賞學(xué)習(xí)的好機(jī)會(huì)。
首先,向大家簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下曲阜的歷史、文物概況。
歷史文化名城曲阜是我國(guó)古代偉大的思想家、教育家、政治家、文獻(xiàn)整理家、世之圣人圣人孔子的家鄉(xiāng),亞圣孟子的故里,中華民族的始祖軒轅黃帝的誕生地,炎帝的首都,商殷故國(guó),魯國(guó)首都。三皇五帝有四位在這里生息勞作,有5000多年的歷史。地下有豐富的寶藏,地上有眾多的文物。現(xiàn)有文物112處,其中有聯(lián)合國(guó)保護(hù)單位,世界文化遺產(chǎn)3處,全國(guó)保護(hù)的4處,省級(jí)12處,其他為地市級(jí)保護(hù)的。
重中之重有“三孔兩廟一陵”、“三山二林一寺”。孔廟、孔府、孔林,俗稱“三孔”,有祭祀中國(guó)元圣周公的廟宇,有祭祀圣人孔子第一大弟子復(fù)圣顏回的廟,俗稱“兩廟”;“一陵”是黃帝誕生地--壽丘少昊陵;“三山”;圣人孔子出生地尼山、漢墓群九龍山、小泰山--九仙山(又稱九山)。二林是:世界教育孩子最好的母親孟母林,圣人孔子父母埋葬地梁公林;“一寺”是李白、杜甫作詩(shī)、答對(duì)、分手處,著名文人孔尚任隱居處國(guó)家園林“石門(mén)寺”。
我們現(xiàn)在看孔廟。
孔廟,又稱至圣廟,是祭祀圣人孔子及其夫人亓官氏和七十二賢人的地方。孔廟同北京的故宮、河北承德市避暑山莊并稱中國(guó)的三大古建筑群。專家對(duì)孔廟講了四名話:建筑時(shí)間最久遠(yuǎn)、最宏大、保存最完整、東方建筑特色最突出。從孔廟可看出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題:一是圣人孔子對(duì)中國(guó)乃至東方文化的巨大貢獻(xiàn);二是中國(guó)在歷史上就有能工巧匠。
孔廟始建于公元前478年,圣人孔子去世的第二年建廟。在圣人孔子故居建廟堂三間,陳列圣人孔子的衣、車(chē)、書(shū)等,“歲時(shí)奉祀”。歷代皇帝對(duì)孔廟都有擴(kuò)建,計(jì)大修15次,中修31次,小修數(shù)百次達(dá)到現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。孔廟仿皇宮建筑之制,分三路布局,九過(guò)院落,共有房屋466間,門(mén)亭54座,東西相對(duì)貫穿在一條中軸線上,有碑碣近千塊,占地327.5畝,長(zhǎng)達(dá)兩華里又150公尺。
現(xiàn)在看到的孔廟是明弘治年間的規(guī)模。解放后國(guó)家多次撥款維修保護(hù)。我國(guó)首批公布的全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位,1994年12月列入世界文化遺產(chǎn),成為聯(lián)合國(guó)保護(hù)的文物單位,孔廟建筑時(shí)間之久遠(yuǎn),規(guī)模之宏大,保存之完整實(shí)屬世之罕見(jiàn)。
神道。“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”前古柏蒼勁的這段路為“神道”。重要的廟宇前都有專開(kāi)的尊敬靈通之道,稱“神道”。
萬(wàn)仞宮墻。這道門(mén)是曲阜明城正南門(mén),也是孔廟的第一道門(mén),上懸“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”四個(gè)大字,系清乾隆皇帝的御筆。孔廟來(lái)源于圣人孔子得意弟子子貢。魯國(guó)大會(huì)諸侯時(shí),有人提出子貢的學(xué)問(wèn)博大精深,可與圣人孔子相提并論,子貢在場(chǎng),馬上站起來(lái)說(shuō),我可不敢與俺老師圣人孔子比,人的學(xué)問(wèn)好比一堵墻,我這道墻只有一仞之高,俺老師的墻有數(shù)仞之多。就是說(shuō),我的學(xué)問(wèn)等于一肩膀頭子高,一目了然沒(méi)什么深?yuàn)W的;圣人孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)有我數(shù)倍之多,經(jīng)過(guò)詳細(xì)的研究,全面的探討,才能了解他的全部,入了門(mén)以后,才能看到宗廟之美,在門(mén)外頭你是看不到的。后人為了形容圣人孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)高深,從夫子之墻數(shù)仞,到“百仞”、“千仞”到明代皇帝封圣人孔子為“天下文官主,歷代帝王師”,封圣人孔子學(xué)問(wèn)有“萬(wàn)仞”,贊頌圣人孔子學(xué)問(wèn)有一萬(wàn)個(gè)八尺,往上看,看不到頂,亦說(shuō)此墻深壁高壘非常堅(jiān)固。這四個(gè)字原為明欽差所寫(xiě),乾隆為表示他對(duì)圣人孔子的重視,親書(shū)“萬(wàn)仞宮墻”換上了他的御筆。
金聲玉振坊。此坊建于明代,為表達(dá)圣人孔子學(xué)問(wèn)精湛而完美,如同奏樂(lè)的全過(guò)程,自始至終完整無(wú)缺。古樂(lè)是以敲鐘開(kāi)始,鐘起“始條理也”,是擊磬告終,“玉振”為磬落的聲音,稱“終條理也”,贊揚(yáng)圣人孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)是集先賢先圣之大成,所以稱“金聲而玉振也”,“金聲”鐘的聲音,始,“玉振”磬的聲音,終。這也是辦事要“有始有終”成語(yǔ)的來(lái)源。“金聲玉振”是明代大書(shū)法家胡纘宗題定的。
“二柏?fù)?dān)一孔”。過(guò)玉振坊這個(gè)單孔的石拱橋,東西各有一棵古柏,所以人稱“二柏?fù)?dān)一孔”。這橋名曰:“泮水橋”與行宮旁泮水池的水相通,因之演義為“盼水”。過(guò)去讀孔孟之書(shū),考上高等學(xué)府叫“入盼”,做官的盼高升,做買(mǎi)賣(mài)盼發(fā)財(cái),過(guò)日子盼興旺。
下馬碑。廟墻外東西各立一塊石碑,公元1191年專立的下馬碑,下轎碑。西邊的碑早毀壞,東邊這塊碑上寫(xiě)“官員人等至此下馬”。過(guò)去文武官員、庶民百姓從此路過(guò)下轎下馬徒步而行,以示對(duì)圣人孔子、孔廟的尊敬。
欞星門(mén)。明代所建,公元1754年重修,由木制改鐵石的。“欞星門(mén)”系乾隆御筆。相傳天上星系“有二十八宿”,其中,有個(gè)掌管文化的星叫“欞星”,又名“文曲星”、“天振星”,把圣人孔子與天上管文化的星聯(lián)系起來(lái),說(shuō)文化方面他是最高的,如過(guò)去祭天,要先祭“文曲星”,有尊孔如尊天的說(shuō)法。
太和元?dú)夥弧_@坊是明代公元1544年所建,極贊圣人孔子的思想,主張如同“太空宇宙能哺育萬(wàn)物。天地之合,四方之合,陰陽(yáng)之合”,稱“太和”之氣是最基本的東西,宇宙之太和,人間之元?dú)狻?ldquo;太和元?dú)?rdquo;系山東巡撫曾銑手書(shū)。
至圣廟坊。明代所建“至圣廟坊”,是漢白玉的,上飾火焰寶珠。
德侔天地,道冠古今。這道院的東西對(duì)襯各建一處很奇特的牌坊,木制角棱環(huán)繞,千頭萬(wàn)續(xù),下有八個(gè)怪獸,叫“天龍神獅”,相傳孔廟威嚴(yán)靈感,可驅(qū)除邪惡,匡扶正義。東邊牌坊上書(shū):“德侔天地”,說(shuō)圣人孔子的思想主張給人類(lèi)的好處如同天高地厚,功德能同天地相比。西邊的牌坊上書(shū)“道冠古今”,贊圣人孔子思想、辦法古今都是蓋世之冠。
圣時(shí)門(mén)。三門(mén)并列,四道臺(tái)皆同上,中央盤(pán)龍。此門(mén)命名來(lái)源于孟子,對(duì)古代四位圣人伯夷、伊尹、柳下惠、圣人孔子,孟子把四圣人的圣跡歸納為四句話:伯夷圣之清者也,伊尹圣之任者也,柳下惠圣之和者也,圣人孔子圣之時(shí)者也。“圣時(shí)”極贊圣人孔子思想主張經(jīng)久不衰,是適合時(shí)代的圣人。皇帝來(lái)曲阜朝孔要行“三跪九叩大禮”,走圣時(shí)門(mén);歷代“衍圣公”出生時(shí)打開(kāi)“圣時(shí)門(mén)”,除這兩種情況外,此門(mén)不輕易開(kāi)啟。都走快覩門(mén)、仰高門(mén)。
快覩門(mén),取先睹為快之意。就是說(shuō)圣人孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)“五經(jīng)四書(shū)”,誰(shuí)先學(xué)誰(shuí)先有文化,誰(shuí)先學(xué)誰(shuí)先有知識(shí),爭(zhēng)相學(xué)習(xí),以先見(jiàn)到先讀為快樂(lè)。
仰高門(mén)。根據(jù)顏回贊揚(yáng)圣人孔子的一段話命名的。顏回說(shuō),夫子之道,仰之彌高,鉆之彌堅(jiān)。贊圣人孔子學(xué)問(wèn)向上看不到頂,叫“彌高”,學(xué)起來(lái)文言文很難懂,叫“彌堅(jiān)”,高不是高不可攀,經(jīng)過(guò)努力是完全可以學(xué)到的。顏回說(shuō)“夫子循循然,善誘人,博我以文,說(shuō)我以禮。”俺老師循循善誘,教我以文化,施我以禮節(jié)。
漢石人。仰高門(mén)里亭子里有兩位歷史價(jià)值很高的漢石人,一位是“亭長(zhǎng)”,(漢代地方小官),一位府門(mén)之卒,都是魯王墓前守衛(wèi)的。石人被歷代金石學(xué)家所重視,對(duì)研究漢代服裝和文字有重要價(jià)值。
孔府是衙宅合一,園宅結(jié)合的范例
孔廟的東側(cè)是孔府,是圣人孔子嫡長(zhǎng)孫世襲的府第。始建于宋代,經(jīng)歷代不斷擴(kuò)建,形成現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。占地200余畝,有房舍480余間。官衙和住宅建在一起,是一座典型的封建貴族莊園,衙 署大堂用于接受皇帝頒發(fā)的圣旨,或處理家族內(nèi)事務(wù)。孔府后院有一座花園,幽雅清新,布局別具匠心,可稱園林佳作,也是園宅結(jié)合的范例。孔府藏有大量的歷史檔案、傳世文物,歷代服飾和用具等,都及其珍貴。
孔林是延續(xù)年代最久、保存最完整的家族墓地
孔林又稱至圣林,在曲阜城北門(mén)外,占地3000畝,周?chē)u砌林墻長(zhǎng)達(dá)14里,是圣人孔子和他的后代子孫們的家族墓地。孔林內(nèi)柏檜夾道,進(jìn)入孔林要經(jīng)過(guò)1200米的墓道,然后穿過(guò)石牌坊、石橋、甬道、到達(dá)圣人孔子墓前。圣人孔子的墳?zāi)狗馔粮?米,墓東是圣人孔子之子孔鯉和他的孫子孔伋 的墳?zāi)埂T诳琢种校械哪骨斑存有石雕的華表、石人、石獸。這些都是依照墓中人當(dāng)時(shí)被封爵位的品級(jí)設(shè)置的,整個(gè)孔林延用2520xx年,內(nèi)有墳冢 十余萬(wàn)座。其延續(xù)時(shí)間之久,模葬之多,保存之完好,舉世罕見(jiàn)。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇20
Hello, ladies and gentlemen. My name is __X. Today, I will take you tovisit the "three Confucius": Confucius' mansion, Confucius' temple andConfucius' forest. Confucius has a famous saying: "it's a pleasure to havefriends from afar." I'm very happy to be a tour guide. I will try my best toserve you. Please criticize and correct the shortcomings. Before visitingSankong, please allow me to introduce Qufu. Qufu is located at the junction ofLuzhong district and southwest plain of Shandong Province. Li Bai, a great poet,once described Qufu as "laughing and boasting of old friends, pointing to adesperate situation, with mountains and waters as green as orchids".
Now let's visit the Confucius Temple. Confucius Temple, located in thecenter of Qufu City, is a charming building built by ancient people for thegreat thought and broad spiritual quality of Confucius. It covers an area of327.5 mu, with a length of 1 km from north to south. There are 466 buildings and54 gateways. In addition, there are more than 1700 ancient trees in the temple,one by one rushing into the sky. It is said that anyone who dares to cut downone will be beheaded. Every tree, every door's name contains Confucius' thoughtof "benevolence".
The Confucius Mansion is adjacent to the Confucius Temple. It is theresidence of the eldest son of Confucius. It has three roads and ninecourtyards. There are 463 buildings and a back garden, covering an area of 240mu. Confucius Mansion, also known as "Yansheng mansion". "Yan Sheng" means that"Sheng Dao" and "Sheng Yi" can propagate and continue to enter the gate ofConfucius' mansion. From then on, Confucius' mansion can be divided into threeroads: the East Road has Yiguan hall, muen hall, Confucius' family temple, etc.;the west road is the place where Confucius' mansion received distinguishedguests and studied, including red calyx hall, Zhongshu hall, Anhuai hall, flowerhall, etc; The middle road is the main building of Confucius' mansion, the firsthalf of which is the government office, and the second half is the innerhouse.
Kong Lin is a special cemetery for Confucius family, and also the longestdelayed and largest family cemetery in the world. It covers an area of more than3000 mu. The surrounding walls are 3 meters high, 1.5 meters thick and 14.5 Lilong. There are more than 100000 trees and hundreds of plants in the forest.Among the trees, there are many steles and statues, which are very spectacular.Now free activity for 3 hours, you can visit the "three holes" by yourself, youcan also play games, picnics and other activities, but you must ensure health.This is the end of the visit to "three holes"!
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇21
8月18日,我和外公去曲阜--孔子的故鄉(xiāng)參觀三孔:孔林、孔廟、孔府。那是一個(gè)晴朗的天氣,我們先到孔林,孔林很大,占地面積大約有三千多畝,是全國(guó)最大的私人墓地。孔林中的孔子墓前有一條神道,兩邊有石人石馬的雕像,這是當(dāng)年皇帝才能有的。孔子的墓十分特別,他的墓旁邊是兒子的墓,前面是他孫子的墓,是抱子攜孫墓,他的孫子就是孟子的老師。
接著,我們來(lái)到了孔廟,這是天下第一家廟。有高大的牌坊,紅墻黃瓦,雕梁畫(huà)棟的房屋就和皇宮一樣。最大的房子是大成殿,有故宮的太和殿那樣大,房子前面有十根石頭柱子,上面雕有盤(pán)龍花紋,非常壯觀。孔廟有十三座高大的亭子,里面有很多皇帝的題詞。廟里還有一個(gè)有趣的現(xiàn)象,一個(gè)屋頂?shù)慕巧斓搅藢?duì)面亭子的兩個(gè)角當(dāng)中去了,導(dǎo)游說(shuō)這叫做"勾心斗角",是成語(yǔ)的來(lái)源喲! 孔府里有道門(mén),在有大事時(shí)才開(kāi),平時(shí)繞道而行,外堂是辦公地方,內(nèi)堂是住宿的地方,后面有座花園,是平時(shí)游玩的地方。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇22
In the southwest of Shandong Province, there is a county-level city withone fifth of the population surnamed Kong. It is Qufu, which has a long historyof more than 5000 years.
The reason why Qufu is famous all over the world is closely related to thename of Confucius. Confucius is one of the greatest philosophers in the worldand the founder of Chinese Confucianism. In the long history of more than 20__years, Confucian culture has gradually become the orthodox culture of China, andhas influenced the countries in East and Southeast Asia, and has become thecornerstone of the whole oriental culture.
Qufu's Confucius Mansion, Confucius Temple and Confucius forest,collectively referred to as "three Confucius", is a symbol of China's history ofcommemorating Confucius and advocating Confucianism. It is famous for its richcultural heritage, long history, grand scale, rich cultural relics collectionand scientific and artistic value. Because of its prominent position in Chinesehistory and oriental culture, it is listed as a world cultural heritage byUNESCO and honored as one of the three holy cities in the world.
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇23
Before I came to Qufu, many of my friends may have known a lot about Qufuand Confucius, but some of them didn't know much about them. Now, before I enterthe scenic spots, I'd like to briefly introduce Qufu and Confucius.
Qufu is located in the southwest of Shandong Province, China. There are620000 people in Qufu, including an urban population of 100000 and an area of890 square kilometers. The word "Qufu" first appeared in Erya. Ying Shaoexplained in the Eastern Han Dynasty that there was a Fu in the city of Lu, andWeiqu was seven or eight Li long, so it was named "Qufu". In 1012, the fifthyear of dazhongxiangfu, Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, in order tocommemorate the birth of Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of the Chinesenation, in Qufu, he once changed his name to Xianyuan county. In 1129, EmperorTaizong of the Jin Dynasty renamed Qufu, which is still in use today. Qufu is asmall city. However, Qufu is also an ancient city with 5000 years ofcivilization and culture. In this sacred and ancient land, there are four peopleleft traces of the three emperors and five emperors in ancient Chinese legend.According to historical records, Emperor Century and other historical records,"the Yellow Emperor was born in Shouqiu", "SHAOHAO ascended the throne from thepoor sang, called Qufu as the capital, and was buried in Yunyang mountain". Now,eight miles east of Qufu, there is still a pyramid tomb, SHAOHAO mausoleum.There is a Chinese saying that "people go to the top, water flows to thebottom". Can we understand that our ancestors of the Chinese nation migratedfrom here, from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the CentralPlains, to the Loess Plateau, while our mother's rivers, the Yellow River andthe Yangtze River, galloped down from the Loess Plateau, and finally flowed intothe sea In fact, most of the sages in Jiangbei came from Qufu. In the feudaltimes of China, there were six saints granted by the emperor. They wereConfucius, Mencius, fushengyanzi, shushengzisi, zongshengzengzi andyuanshengzhougong. The first four were born in Qufu. The last two were disciplesof Confucius and fiefdoms in Qufu. Zhougong was the king of the state of Lu for33 generations, and Shandong has been called Lu since then. Now there are manycultural relics in Qufu, including 4 national cultural relics, 11 provincialrelics and more than 100 municipal relics. In 1982, Qufu was announced by theState Council as one of the first batch of 24 historical and cultural cities inChina. In 1994, Qufu's "three Confucius" was officially listed as a worldcultural heritage by the United Nations. Because of its important contributionto Oriental culture, many people call Qufu one of the three holy cities in theworld: "Oriental Mecca". Here, you have to ponder, but also can not helpfeeling, because here is deeply rooted in the Chinese nation, deeply rooted intraditional Chinese culture.
Dear friends, in China, in the East, a land with a history of 5000 years ofcivilization, you may not understand the inscriptions on bronzes, or what thehuman head and animal body represent or symbolize. However, when you walk intothe life of the Chinese people and walk on the ancient land where the Chinesenation thrives and works to create, you can feel and touch the Confucian culturein the daily life of the Chinese people, and then you can experience thedifferences between the Chinese people and other nationalities in their way oflife, customs and ideals. No matter from which angle or level you explore thepersonality and character of the Chinese nation, it is not difficult to find thegene of Confucian culture. In the long process of historical evolution,Confucian culture has almost become the synonym of Chinese traditional culture.The founder of Confucian culture is Confucius.
Confucius was born in 551 B.C. and died in 479 B.C. at the age of 73. WhenConfucius was 3 years old, his father uncle Liang he died. When he was 16 yearsold, his mother Yan Zheng died. Young Confucius became an orphan and began hislife of making a living, studying and struggling alone in a hierarchical feudalsociety.
As a young man, Confucius studied hard and asked questions frequently. Inhis youth, he mastered the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperial,calligraphy and mathematics, and then mastered the six classics of poetry,calligraphy, etiquette, music, changes and spring and autumn, which laid thefoundation for the establishment of Confucian culture.
At the age of 30, Confucius set up a school to teach students, and began along education career. He was the first to give private lectures in China, toface the public, and to advocate "education without discrimination". He becamethe first great educator in China and the world.
When Confucius was 51 years old, he became a magistrate of Zhongdu county.Later, he worked as a prime minister in Lu. However, not long after that, heresigned and left the state of Lu to begin his 14 year tour of othercountries.
When Confucius returned to the state of Lu at the age of 68, he devotedalmost all his energy to teaching and literature collation until his death.Confucius's life is a life of wandering and suffering, a life of hard work andencouragement, a life of spring breeze and rain, a life of cultivating talents,a life of writing books and writing stories, and a life of saving the world.Today, although his body has gone up in smoke and ashes, his thoughts havepenetrated into the hearts of every Oriental. He has cast the personality andcharacter of the Chinese nation. With the development of history and socialprogress, Confucius will also guide mankind to stride into the 21st century.
There are many cultural relics and tourist attractions in Qufu, most ofwhich are related to Confucius and Confucius culture. Now we are located in theSouth Gate of the ancient city of qufuming. To the north of the gate is theConfucius Temple, which is known as one of the three ancient buildings in China.There are four characters "Wanren palace wall" above the gate. Ren is an ancientunit of length, one Ren is about 8 feet. It is said that some people praisedConfucius disciple Zigong for his knowledge. After hearing that, Zigong said,"human knowledge is like a palace wall. My knowledge is only as high as the topof the wall. People can see everything in the wall when they see it. ButConfucius, my teacher, has several walls. If you don't find other doors, youcan't see the beauty of the temple and the variety of houses inside the wall.".In order to express their admiration for Confucius, Hu zuanzong in Ming Dynastywrote "Wanren palace wall" on the city gate. In order to show his worship forConfucius, Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty took down the stele and replaced itwith "Wanren palace wall". This is the origin of "Wanren palace wall".
Confucius Temple is a temple built by later generations to offer sacrificesto Confucius. It was built in the second year after Confucius died. With an areaof 327.5 mu, it imitates the Imperial Palace system. It is divided into ninecourtyards and arranged symmetrically on the left and right. The whole buildingcomplex has 466 rooms, including five halls, one Pavilion, one altar, twoverandas, two halls, 17 stele pavilions and 54 gate squares, with a length ofabout 1 km from north to south. Confucius Temple is the only isolated example inthe history of architecture in the world, which is magnificent, large in area,long in history and well preserved.
Outside the east wall of the gate of Confucius Temple, there is a tabletsaying "officials and people wait to dismount here". In the past, any officialwho came here, military officials would dismount and civil officials woulddismount to show respect for Confucius.
The first stone square of Confucius Temple is called "Jin Sheng Yu Zhensquare". Mencius once had such a comment on Confucius, he said: "Confucius iscalled jidacheng, jidacheng, Jinsheng and yuzhenzhi.". "Jin Sheng, Yu Zhen"refers to the whole process of playing music, which starts with striking thebell and ends with striking the rock. It refers to the great achievement ofConfucius' thought of gathering ancient sages and sages. On the lotus throneabove the stone square, there is a unicorn monster called "ward off evilspirits" or "roar from the sky". This is the only ornament that can be used inthe Royal Palace of feudal society.
The first gate of Confucius Temple is called "Lingxing gate". "Latticestar" is also known as Tiantian star. The ancients worshipped heaven first."Lingxingmen" was written by Qianlong. "Taihe Yuanqi" square is similar to"Jinsheng Yuzhen" square. The inscription is written by Zeng Mian, governor ofShandong Province in Ming Dynasty, praising Confucius thought as heaven andearth produce all things. There is a waist gate in the East and west of thecourtyard, and it is written in the East that "demou is as big as heaven andearth, and his theory is the best in ancient and modern times.". This gate iscalled "Shengshi gate". From here, we can feel profound and profound. The word"holy time" is taken from the sentence "Confucius, the sage of the time" inMencius, which means that among the sages, Confucius is the most suitable onefor the times.
When you cross the Shengshi gate, you will face the small stone bridge,which is called Bishui bridge. There are two gates on both sides of the bridgeto the south. The east gate is called "quick view gate", which means to seefirst. The west gate is called "Yanggao gate", which praises Confucius' profoundknowledge. When we enter the gate, we call it "Hongdao gate". These three wordsare taken from the sentence "people can promote Taoism" in the Analects ofConfucius. Weixing Gong, in order to praise Confucius for expounding the "Tao"of Yao, Shun, Tang and Wenwu. This gate is also the gate of Confucius Temple in1377. Then there is "dazhongmen". Dazhongmen is the gate of Confucius Temple inSong Dynasty. Its original name is "gonghemen". Its meaning is related toConfucius' doctrine of the mean. Looking south from this gate, we can see thehistorical evolution of Confucius Temple on the one hand, and the continuousexpansion of Confucius temple on the other. These buildings include Qing Dynastybuildings, Ming Dynasty buildings and Song Dynasty buildings. They were built indifferent times The craftsmen are different, but they all cooperate with eachother and complement each other to form a whole. Looking at the Confucius templearchitecture, we can see part of the development history of Chinese feudalsociety.
This monument was erected in 1468, the fourth year of Chenghua in MingDynasty, so it is also called "Chenghua monument". It was erected by ZhuJianshen, Emperor Xianzong of Ming Dynasty. The monument is 6 meters high and 2meters wide. This tablet is famous for its exquisite calligraphy, and itsinscription is written in the form of argumentation, which can be said to be themost highly respected of Confucius. Please look at the upper right corner. Itsays: "only the way of Confucius can not be absent in one day when there is aworld." it also says: "the way of Confucius is in the world, like cloth, silk,millet and Shu, and people's daily use can not be absent.". The animal under themonument is not a tortoise. It's called _ 屭. It's the son of the dragon. It canbear heavy loads, so it's used to carry the monument. There's a saying that "adragon has nine sons, but not a dragon". In the Confucius Temple, you can seethe dragon and his nine sons. Local people often come here to touch _ 屭. Theysay: "touch _ 屭's head, never worry, touch _ 屭, never get sick.".
The wooden structure in front of us is called "Kuiwen Pavilion", which usedto be the library of Confucius Temple. "Kuixing" is one of the twenty-eightconstellations, with sixteen stars, "buckled and hooked, like a painting ofwords". Later, people evolved it into the head of civil servants. The feudalemperors compared Confucius to the Kuixing star in the sky, so Confucius wasalso known as "civil servants of all ages". The pavilion is 23.35 meters high,30.1 meters wide and 17.62 meters deep, with triple cornices and four layers ofbrackets. Its structure is solid and reasonable. During the reign of EmperorKangxi, there was a big earthquake in Qufu, where "nine houses in the worldexist, one in the world exists". However, Kuiwen Pavilion stands upright andsafe, which shows the wisdom and superb architectural art of the ancient workingpeople in China.
We are now entering the sixth courtyard of the Confucius Temple. In frontof you are 13 stele pavilions, 8 in the South and 5 in the north. There are 55stone tablets of Tang, song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in the pavilion. Mostof the inscriptions are in Chinese, Ba Si Ba and Manchu. The stone tablet in themiddle of this row, weighing about 65 tons, was collected from Xishan Mountainin Beijing. At that time, it was a miracle to transport such a weight stonetablet from thousands of miles away to Qufu. There is one gate in the East andone gate in the west of the courtyard, which is the third waist gate of theConfucius Temple.
Now we enter dachengmen. Dachengmen refers to dachengmen in the world.There are five gates in this row. The most western gate is qishengmen, which isdedicated to Confucius' parents. Dachengmen in the middle road is supplementedby jinshengmen and yuzhenmen. The middle road is the most central place ofConfucius Temple, and chengshengmen in the East, which was Confucius' formerresidence.
As we all know, Confucius is a great thinker, educator and statesman. Inour opinion, Confucius is first of all an educator. He is the first teacher inChina. The feudal emperor named him "the most sage and the first teacher" and"the model of all ages". It should be said that he is a teacher of all mankindand is worthy of the name of "engineer of human soul". The "apricot altar" infront of us is said to be the place where Confucius set up the altar to givelectures, and the pavilion was built in the Jin Dynasty to commemorate it. Thefamous scholar Dang huaiying wrote the word "apricot altar". There is an apricottree beside the altar, planted by later generations. In early spring, redflowers bloom and green leaves sway. Therefore, when Emperor Qianlong came topay homage, he once wrote a poem praising it. The poem said: when the rice wasin full bloom again, how could it be that there were many flowers in the world,and the civilization was prosperous all the time.
The main hall standing in front of us is the world-famous "Dacheng hall".It is one of the "three main halls" in China. It is as famous as the "Taihehall" in the Forbidden City of Beijing and the "Tianfu hall" in the Dai Templeof Mount Tai. The hall is 24.8 meters high, 45.78 meters wide and 24.8 metersdeep, with carved beams and painted buildings. The golden wall is brilliant,especially the 28 stone pillars around it. They are all world culturaltreasures. They are all carved with whole stones. The front 10 are deep reliefs,with two dragons playing with pearls on each pillar. They are coiled and rising,lifelike, powerful and varied. In the past, when the emperor came, he wrappedthe pillar in yellow cloth. If they see it, they will be ashamed. There are 72dragons in each column, a total of 1296. In the Dacheng hall, there are fourstatues of Confucius on both sides. The East and West are Fusheng Yanhui,Shusheng Kongji, and the west is Zongsheng Zengshen and Yasheng Mencius. Another12. Every year, on September 26 and 28, we hold a grand international ConfuciusCulture Festival and a ceremony to commemorate the birth of Confucius, performlarge-scale music and dance for Confucius and "Xiao Shao music and dance", andhold a variety of cultural and tourism activities. Welcome to our time.
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇24
歡迎來(lái)到曲阜。曲阜是我國(guó)古代偉大的思想家、政治家、教育家孔子的故鄉(xiāng),全國(guó)首批公布的24個(gè)歷史文化名城之一。孔子有句名言:“有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來(lái),不亦樂(lè)乎。”今天,我有幸為各位擔(dān)任導(dǎo)游,十分高興。我將盡力為大家提供滿意的服務(wù),不足之處,請(qǐng)批評(píng)指正。
曲阜概況 在參觀“三孔”之前,請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我把曲阜概況介紹一下:
曲阜地處魯中山區(qū)和魯西南平原的交界處,北依泰山,南引嶧山,東連沂蒙群山,西俯千疇平原。地勢(shì)東高西低,境內(nèi)泗河、沂河等河流均自東向西流淌,自古就有“圣人門(mén)前倒流水”之說(shuō)。物產(chǎn)豐富,景色宜人。大詩(shī)人李白曾描寫(xiě)曲阜:“笑夸故人指絕境,山光水色青如蘭”。
曲阜歷史悠久,早在五六千年前,我們的祖先就在這里繁衍生息,創(chuàng)造了人類(lèi)早期的文明。不少古籍中,還有炎帝、少吳徙都于曲阜,黃帝生于壽丘(曲阜城東8里處),舜于壽丘作什器的記載。可見(jiàn),中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代最有影響的三皇五帝中就有四人在曲阜留下了蹤跡。盡管這是傳說(shuō),但也并不是毫無(wú)根據(jù)的。從境內(nèi)保存下來(lái)的20余處大汶口文化和龍山文化遺址中仍可見(jiàn)到我們的祖先征服自然的遺跡。“曲阜”一名最早見(jiàn)于禮記>>。東漢應(yīng)劭解釋說(shuō):“魯城東有阜,委曲長(zhǎng)七八里,故名曲阜。”商代前期,曲阜名奄,是商王朝的重要屬國(guó)。周代自“封周公于曲阜”800余年,曲阜為魯國(guó)都城,是當(dāng)時(shí)我國(guó)一個(gè)重要的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化中心。春秋時(shí)期,孔子首創(chuàng)私人講學(xué)之風(fēng),“弟子三千,賢者七十有二”遍及全國(guó)各地,又成了當(dāng)時(shí)的教育中心。魯國(guó)是曲阜歷史上的黃金時(shí)期,以“禮儀之邦”著稱于世,故山東省現(xiàn)仍沿用“魯”作為簡(jiǎn)稱。公元前249年,楚滅魯,置魯縣,秦代屬薛郡,西漢時(shí)為魯國(guó)都,魏晉南北朝時(shí)為魯郡治。隋開(kāi)皇十六年(596年),首定曲阜為縣名。宋代改稱仙源縣,金代恢復(fù)曲阜縣名至今。1986年撤縣制,始稱曲阜市。現(xiàn)面積為890平方公里,人口60余萬(wàn)。悠久的歷史,燦爛的文化,給曲阜留下了大量的文物古跡,主要的有110余處,其中孔廟、孔府、孔林及魯國(guó)故城遺址被列為全國(guó)首批公布的重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位,另有11處列為全省重要文物保護(hù)單位。“三孔”還于1994年被聯(lián)合國(guó)列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。
新中國(guó)建立后,特別是黨的十一屆三中全會(huì)以來(lái),黨和國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)曲阜的文物古跡十分關(guān)注,國(guó)家先后撥款3000多萬(wàn)元對(duì)“三孔”進(jìn)行了全面修茸。近年來(lái),為了大力發(fā)展旅游事業(yè),曲阜又相繼開(kāi)發(fā)建設(shè)了孔子六藝城、論語(yǔ)碑苑、魯國(guó)盛世華夏文化城等一批新的旅游景點(diǎn),形成人文與自然景觀,新老景點(diǎn)渾然一體,相映生輝的旅游資源新格局,成為中外游人向往的文化旅游勝地。
孔廟的第一座石坊叫“金聲玉振坊”。孟子對(duì)孔子曾有過(guò)這樣的評(píng)價(jià),他說(shuō):“孔子之謂集大成,集大成者,金聲而玉振之也”。“金聲、玉振”表示奏樂(lè)的全過(guò)程,以擊鐘開(kāi)始,以擊磐告終,比喻孔子的思想集古圣先賢之大成。石坊上面蓮花寶座上各刻有一個(gè)獨(dú)角怪獸稱“辟邪”,也叫“朝天吼”,這是封建社會(huì)王爵府第才可使用的飾物。
孔廟第一道門(mén)叫“欞星門(mén)”。“欞星”又名天田星,古人祭天,先要祭欞星。“欞星門(mén)”三個(gè)字為乾隆所書(shū)。“太和元?dú)狻狈煌敖鹇曈裾瘛狈徊畈欢啵}字為明代山東巡撫曾銑手書(shū),贊頌孔子思想如同天地生育萬(wàn)物。此院東西各有一座腰門(mén),東邊上書(shū)“德侔天地一樣大,他的學(xué)說(shuō)古今來(lái)說(shuō)都是最好的”。這座門(mén)叫“圣時(shí)門(mén)”,由此住里,有博大精深、深不可測(cè)之感。“圣時(shí)”二字,取<<孟子.萬(wàn)章下>>,“孔子,圣之時(shí)者也”句,意思是說(shuō),在圣人之中,孔子是最適合時(shí)代者。
過(guò)圣時(shí)門(mén)迎面小石橋,叫“璧水橋”,橋兩側(cè)偏南各有一座門(mén),東門(mén)叫“快睹門(mén)”,是先睹為快的意思,西門(mén)叫“仰高門(mén)”贊頌孔子的學(xué)問(wèn)十分高深。我們進(jìn)入的大門(mén),稱“弘道門(mén)”,這三個(gè)字取自<<論語(yǔ).衛(wèi)星公>>“人能弘道”的句子,以此來(lái)贊頌孔子闡發(fā)了堯舜湯和文武周公之“道”。這道門(mén)也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)時(shí)孔廟的大門(mén)。再往后是“大中門(mén)”,大中門(mén)是宋朝時(shí)期孔廟的大門(mén),原名叫“宮和門(mén)”,字的意思與孔子中庸之道的主張有關(guān),由此門(mén)向南望去,一方面可以看到孔廟的歷史沿革,一方面也可以看到孔廟的不斷擴(kuò)大,這些建筑既有清代建筑,也有明代建筑,還有宋代建筑,它們建的時(shí)代不同,工匠不同,但都互相配合,相得益彰,構(gòu)成一體。看孔廟建筑,同時(shí)可以看到一部分中國(guó)封建社會(huì)的發(fā)展史。
這塊碑立于明成化四年(1468年),因此也叫“成化碑”,它為明憲宗朱見(jiàn)深所立,碑高6米,寬2米多。這塊碑的特點(diǎn)是書(shū)法精湛,著稱于世,并且碑文用論辯形式寫(xiě)成,在極力推崇孔子方面,可以說(shuō)是之最。大家請(qǐng)看右上角,那上面寫(xiě)道:“聯(lián)惟孔子之道,有天下者一日不可無(wú)焉”,又說(shuō):“孔子之道在天下,如布帛粟菽,民生日用不可暫缺”。這碑下面的動(dòng)物不是烏龜,叫,是龍的兒子,特別能負(fù)重,所以用來(lái)馱碑,有句話講“龍生九子不成龍”,在孔廟內(nèi),龍和龍的9個(gè)兒子,你都可以看到,當(dāng)?shù)氐睦习傩粘?lái)這里撫摸這,他們說(shuō):“摸摸的頭,一輩子不犯愁,摸摸的腚,一輩子不生病”。
我們面前的這座木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑名叫“奎文閣”,原是孔廟的藏書(shū)樓。“奎星”為二十八星宿之一,有星十六顆,“屈曲相鉤,似文字之畫(huà)”,后來(lái)人們把它演化為文官之首,封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星,所以孔子又稱“歷代文官主”。這座樓閣高23.35米,闊30.1米,深17.62米,三重飛檐,四層斗拱,構(gòu)造堅(jiān)固而且合理,康熙年間曲阜曾有過(guò)一次大地震,“人間房屋傾者九,存者一”,而奎文閣卻傲然屹立,安然無(wú)恙,由此可見(jiàn)我國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民的聰明智慧和高超的建筑藝術(shù)。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入孔廟的第六進(jìn)院落,展現(xiàn)在大家面前的是13座碑亭,南邊8座,北邊5座。亭內(nèi)保存著唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢,碑文多為皇帝對(duì)孔子的追謚加封、拜廟親祭、整修廟宇的紀(jì)錄,用漢文、八思巴文、滿文等刻成。此排中間的這座碑,重約65噸,采自北京的西山,在當(dāng)時(shí),將如此重量的石碑從千里之外,跋山涉水,運(yùn)至曲阜,不能不說(shuō)是一個(gè)奇跡。此院東、西各有一門(mén),是孔廟第三道腰門(mén),為“東華門(mén)、西華門(mén)”。
我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入大成門(mén),“大成門(mén)”是指今天下之大成,這一排共有5門(mén)并列,最西邊為啟圣門(mén),是供奉孔子父母的地方,中路大成門(mén),又有“金聲門(mén)、玉振門(mén)”相佐,中路為孔廟最中心的地方,東為承圣門(mén),原為孔子故居。
大家知道,孔子是偉大的思想家,教育家、政治家,我們認(rèn)為,孔子首先是個(gè)教育家,他是中國(guó)第一位老師,封建皇帝封他為“至圣先師”“萬(wàn)世師表”,應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō),他是全人類(lèi)的老師,是名符其實(shí)的“人類(lèi)靈魂工程師”。我們面前的“杏壇”,相傳是當(dāng)年孔子設(shè)壇講學(xué)的地方,金代建亭作以紀(jì)念,著名文人黨懷英書(shū)“杏壇”二字。壇側(cè)有棵杏樹(shù),為后人所栽,每當(dāng)初春時(shí)節(jié),紅花綻開(kāi),綠葉搖曳。所以乾隆皇帝來(lái)朝拜時(shí),曾賦詩(shī)贊之,詩(shī)曰:重來(lái)又值秈開(kāi)時(shí),幾樹(shù)東風(fēng)簇絳枝,豈是人間凡卉比,文明終古共春熙。
矗立在我們面前的大殿就是名揚(yáng)天下的“大成殿”,它是中國(guó)的“三大殿”之一,與北京故宮的“太和殿”,泰山岱廟的“天貺殿”齊名,其雄偉壯麗有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及。殿高24.8米,闊45.78米,深24.8米,雕梁畫(huà)棟,金壁輝煌,特別是周?chē)?8根石柱,為世界文化瑰寶,均以整石雕刻而成,前面10根為深浮雕,每柱二龍戲珠,盤(pán)繞升騰,栩栩如生,刀法剛勁有力,各具變化。過(guò)去皇帝來(lái)了,都是將此柱用黃布圍裹。他們?nèi)艨匆?jiàn)恐怕也會(huì)自慚不如。兩側(cè)及后廊的龍柱為淺浮雕,每柱72條龍,總共1296條。大成殿內(nèi)供奉著孔子塑像,兩側(cè)為四配,東西是復(fù)圣顏回、述圣孔及,西面是宗圣曾參和亞圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日,我們都在這里舉行盛大的國(guó)際孔子文化節(jié)和孔子誕辰紀(jì)念儀式,表演大型祭孔樂(lè)舞和“簫韶樂(lè)舞”,舉行豐富多彩的文化、旅游活動(dòng),歡迎各位到時(shí)光臨。
大成殿兩側(cè)的綠瓦長(zhǎng)廊叫兩半島,共有80間房屋,是后世供奉先賢先儒的地方,在唐朝受供奉的只有20余人,到了民國(guó)多達(dá)156人,這些配享原為畫(huà)像,金時(shí)改為塑像,明代改為木制牌位,期間被拆掉。現(xiàn)在兩廊中主要存放漢畫(huà)像石刻和著名古碑。最珍貴的是漢魏六朝石刻22塊,如“五鳳”“禮器”“乙瑛”“孔廟”“史晨”“張猛龍”碑等,都為國(guó)家級(jí)石碑,被視為書(shū)法藝術(shù)的極品,價(jià)值連城的瑰寶。最北面的兩廡中,珍藏著584塊石碑,叫“玉虹樓”法貼,是孔子68代孫孔繼涑收集了歷代著名書(shū)法家的手跡慕刻而成,具有極高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。
寢殿是供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的專祠。圣跡殿是明萬(wàn)歷年間,根據(jù)司馬遷<<史記.孔子世家>>編繪刻石的連環(huán)畫(huà),共有120幅。這是我國(guó)第一部有完整人物故事的連環(huán)畫(huà)。
我們現(xiàn)在的位置是孔廟東路,這里當(dāng)年為孔子故宅,這口水井為“孔子故宅井”,是當(dāng)年孔子飲水之井,后人稱為“圣水”。亭內(nèi)的碑有乾隆“飲水拜師”和“故宅井贊”,乾隆8次來(lái)曲阜,竟有他5次題字。后面這座紅色墻壁叫“魯壁”,在秦始皇焚書(shū)坑儒時(shí),孔子9世孫孔鮒把<<論語(yǔ)>>等經(jīng)典藏在此壁內(nèi),墻壁倒塌后被人發(fā)現(xiàn),孔子經(jīng)典方才留傳于世。
這座殿堂叫“詩(shī)禮堂”,是當(dāng)年孔子教兒子學(xué)詩(shī)學(xué)禮的地方,堂前有兩棵宋代銀杏樹(shù),當(dāng)初孔府曾用這棵樹(shù)的果實(shí)做菜,名叫“詩(shī)禮銀杏”大家在品嘗孔府菜時(shí),千萬(wàn)不要忘了點(diǎn)這道菜,因?yàn)榇瞬说某鎏幘驮谶@個(gè)地方。
孔廟是一個(gè)巨大的文化博物館,我們匆匆看一次,只可窺見(jiàn)一斑。不能觀其全貌,尤其是不能會(huì)其神韻,那就留待各位以后再來(lái)時(shí)細(xì)細(xì)品味吧。下面我們參觀孔府。
孔府即“衍圣公府”,也是世界文化遺產(chǎn)之一,全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。孔府大門(mén)與孔廟僅一墻之隔。孔府共占地240畝,有廳、堂、樓、房463間,在路布局,九進(jìn)院落,東路為“東學(xué)”,西路為“西學(xué)”供游人游覽的主要是中路。
“衍圣公”是北宋至和二年(公元1055年)宋仁宗賜給孔子46代孫孔宗愿的封號(hào),這一封號(hào)子孫相繼,整整襲封了32代,歷時(shí)880多年。遠(yuǎn)在這封號(hào)之前,自西漢以后,歷代封建王朝就給予孔子后代眾多封賜,漢代曾封孔子后代為“奉禮君”“關(guān)內(nèi)候”,魏晉南北朝又封“宗圣候、崇圣大夫”;唐朝封“文宣公”;宋代封“衍圣公”,到民國(guó)孔子77代孔德成時(shí),改稱“奉禮官”。“衍圣公”是我國(guó)封建社會(huì)享有特權(quán)的大貴族,被稱為“天下第一家”,在明代,不僅班列群官之上,還特許在紫禁城騎馬等。孔子的嫡系長(zhǎng)支大多住在孔府,一直到1948年孔子77代孫孔德成離開(kāi)曲阜,遷至中國(guó)臺(tái)灣。
孔府大門(mén)上方高懸藍(lán)底金字“圣府”二字。有趣的是門(mén)兩邊這幅對(duì)聯(lián):上聯(lián)是“與國(guó)咸休安富尊榮公府第”,“富”字缺上面一“點(diǎn)”,寓“富不到頂”,下聯(lián)為“同天并老文章道德圣人家”,“章”字一豎直通“立字”,寓“文章通天”。“與國(guó)咸休”“同天并老”,這是多大的氣派!
孔府二門(mén)里,這座獨(dú)具風(fēng)格的門(mén)叫“恩賜重光門(mén)”,過(guò)去只有帝王大典、迎接“圣旨”時(shí),此門(mén)才在13聲炮聲中徐徐啟開(kāi),此門(mén)又稱“儀門(mén)”或“塞門(mén)”。過(guò)去,一般官宦人家是不允許建的,只有封爵的邦君才能有其殊榮。
這個(gè)院子兩側(cè)的廳房,各掛有一個(gè)牌子,是孔府仿照建王朝六部而設(shè)的六廳,即管色廳、百戶廳、典籍廳、司樂(lè)廳、知印廳、掌書(shū)廳。
孔府“大堂”,是“衍圣公”宣讀圣旨、接見(jiàn)官員、審理重大案件,舉行重大儀式的地方。正中太師椅上,披鋪斑斕虎皮,長(zhǎng)桌上置文房四寶、印章令箭,兩旁擺滿各種兵器、更鼓、云牌、龍旗、官銜木牌,象征著孔府的種.種特權(quán),甚是威嚴(yán)。
二堂,也叫后廳,是當(dāng)年衍圣公會(huì)見(jiàn)四品以上官員的地方,里面的石碑和牌匾是清朝光緒、慈祥太后等封賜給衍圣公及夫人的。二堂東邊為啟事廳,為正四品官,負(fù)責(zé)上傳下達(dá),西邊為伴官?gòu)d,為正七品,據(jù)說(shuō),過(guò)去官員赴京朝拜天子,一般只允許一主兩伴,而只有“衍圣公”可以一主四伴。
三堂,也叫退廳,也是衍圣公私設(shè)公堂,處理家庭內(nèi)部事務(wù)的場(chǎng)所。以上三個(gè)大堂,層層疊進(jìn),很是森嚴(yán),足顯出孔府的圣威和顯赫。
三堂過(guò)后,我們進(jìn)入“內(nèi)宅”,在過(guò)去,內(nèi)宅絕對(duì)不許擅入,有皇帝賜給的虎尾棍、燕翅鏜、金頭玉棍,由十幾人輪流把守,有不遵令入內(nèi)者,“打死勿論”。內(nèi)宅門(mén)西邊這個(gè)水槽叫石流,過(guò)去挑水夫不得進(jìn)入內(nèi)宅,只把水倒進(jìn)石流,淌入內(nèi)宅。
內(nèi)宅門(mén)的內(nèi)壁上畫(huà)著一個(gè)形似麒麟的動(dòng)物,叫“貪”,是傳說(shuō)中的貪婪之獸,能吞下金銀財(cái)寶,你看它連八仙的寶物都吃掉了,還要去吃太陽(yáng)。據(jù)說(shuō)當(dāng)年“衍圣公”出門(mén)時(shí),都要駐足觀看此畫(huà),并有人喊“過(guò)貪門(mén)”,以戒要清正廉潔,不要貪臟枉法。這對(duì)于我們現(xiàn)在的官員和“公仆”們,是不是也有借鑒和啟發(fā)呢?
這是前上房,有正廳7間,是孔府主人接待至親和朋友的地方,當(dāng)年孔府戲班在此演戲,東側(cè)間有乾隆皇帝送給孔府的荊根床,桌上有同治皇帝圣旨原件,中間是404件滿漢全席餐具,菜多達(dá)196道,可想孔府菜之豐盛。西里間,為衍圣公簽閱文件之處。
前堂樓是七間二層樓閣,富麗堂皇,室內(nèi)陳設(shè)布置,全為當(dāng)年原貌,內(nèi)有珍奇書(shū)畫(huà)墨寶、古玩衣冠,里套間為孔子后代孔令貽夫人陶氏臥室,這是孔德成先生的生母,至今尚有她的照片,她原是孔府丫環(huán),后被納妾,生下孔德成,但被陶氏害死。西套間是孔令貽另一夫人豐氏的臥室,此人一生無(wú)聲無(wú)息,27歲就死去了。
這個(gè)院子是后堂樓,各有配樓三間,后堂樓是孔德成先生當(dāng)年結(jié)婚的地方,堂中陳列著當(dāng)年結(jié)婚的用品和名人贈(zèng)送的禮品和題字。孔德成結(jié)婚時(shí),正值西安事變期間,本來(lái)蔣介石先生要親自參加婚禮,但遭到抗日將領(lǐng)張學(xué)良、楊虎成的逮捕,自然,他也就不能參加這最后一代衍圣公的隆重婚禮了。
我們現(xiàn)在參觀孔府后花園,它建于明弘治16年(公元1503年),由吏部尚書(shū)太子太傅,也是孔子62代孫衍圣公孔聞韶的親家李東陽(yáng)設(shè)計(jì)監(jiān)工建造的,到了明嘉靖年間,太子太傅、吏部尚書(shū)、當(dāng)朝權(quán)臣嚴(yán)嵩又助修建,嚴(yán)嵩的孫女嫁給了孔子64代衍圣公孔尚賢為一品夫人。到了清代,乾隆將自己的女兒嫁給了72代衍圣公孔憲培,又為修建孔府花園大動(dòng)土木,經(jīng)過(guò)前后三次大修,花園成了現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模,面積比北京故宮的花園還要大些。這里面有各種奇花異草,古樹(shù)名石如“五柏抱槐”“太湖石假山”等,請(qǐng)各位隨意觀賞一下。
孔府存有大量無(wú)比珍貴的文物,尤其是十余萬(wàn)卷孔府檔案,更是稀世文物,為了保護(hù)這些文物,在李瑞環(huán)同志特此下,撥款修建了孔府檔案館,現(xiàn)在,這些文物和檔案得到了很好的保存。
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇25
Ladies and gentlemen!
Hello everyone! My name is Yiming. I'm your guide. Today, I will take youto visit the "three Confucius": Confucius' mansion, Confucius' temple andConfucius' forest.
Sage Confucius has a famous saying: "it's a pleasure to have friends fromafar." I'm very happy to be a tour guide. I will try my best to serve you.Please criticize and correct the shortcomings.
Before visiting Sankong, please allow me to introduce Qufu. Qufu is locatedat the junction of Luzhong district and southwest plain of Shandong Province. LiBai, a great poet, once described Qufu as "laughing and boasting of old friends,pointing to a desperate situation, with mountains and waters as green asorchids". Now let's visit the Confucius Temple. Confucius Temple is located inthe center of Qufu City. It is a charming building built by ancient people forthe great thought and broad spiritual quality of Confucius. It covers an area of327.5 mu, with a length of 1 km from north to south. There are 466 buildings and54 gateways. In addition, there are more than 1700 ancient trees in the temple,one by one rushing into the sky. It is said that anyone who dares to cut downone will be beheaded. Every tree, every door's name contains the thought ofConfucius' benevolence.
The Confucius Mansion is adjacent to the Confucius Temple. It is theresidence of the eldest son of the sage Confucius. It has three roads and ninecourtyards. It has 463 buildings and a back garden, covering an area of 240 mu.Confucius Mansion, also known as "Yansheng mansion". "Yan Sheng" means that"Sheng Dao" and "Sheng Yi" can reproduce and continue,
After entering the gate of Confucius' mansion, there are three roads to theback of Confucius' mansion. On the East Road, there are Yiguan hall, muen hall,Confucius' family temple, etc.; on the West Road, there are red calyx hall,Zhongshu hall, Anhuai hall, flower hall, etc.; on the Middle Road, there are themain buildings of Confucius' mansion, the first half of which is the governmentoffice, and the second half is the inner house.
Konglin is a special cemetery for the family of Confucius, the oldest andlargest family cemetery in the world. It covers an area of more than 3000 mu.The surrounding walls are 3 meters high, 1.5 meters thick and 14.5 Li long.There are more than 100000 trees and hundreds of plants in the forest. Among thetrees, there are many steles and statues, which are very spectacular.
Now free activity for 3 hours, you can visit the "three holes" by yourself,you can also play games, picnics and other activities, but you must ensurehealth.
This is the end of the visit to "three holes".
三孔導(dǎo)游詞 篇26
Shandong, one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture, is a greatland with not only famous mountains and rivers, but also splendid civilizationin the long history of civilization. There are numerous places of interest andscenic spots in Shandong.
Dear tourists, ladies and gentlemen, you have worked hard all the way.Welcome to the Confucius Temple.
Dear tourist friends, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Qufu, Confucius'hometown, and thank you for choosing me as your guide. I'm Zhang, a tour guideof __ travel agency in Qufu. You can call me Xiao Zhang or Zhang Dao. Confuciushas a famous saying: "it's a pleasure to have friends from afar." Now let mefeel happy to meet new friends and provide you with tour guide service.
Confucius Temple is a ritual temple for Confucius. Confucius is a famousthinker and educator at the end of the spring and Autumn Period in China, and isrespected as the founder of the Confucian school. According to records,Confucius was born on the top of the polder, like the shape of Niqiu mountain,so because of the name Qiu, the word Zhongni.
In his life of hard exploration of social practice, Confucius deeplyunderstood and understood the society at that time, gradually established thebasic system of Confucianism, and became a famous political theorist, educatorand thinker at that time. The Confucianism he founded has a great influence inthe history of China and even the world. In the second year after Confucius died(478 BC), Duke AI of Lu changed the hall where Confucius lived to "longevityhall". There were three houses, which displayed "clothes, crowns, Qin, Che, Shu"used by Confucius, and "because they thought they were temples, they wereworshipped when they were old", that is, they offered sacrifices on time everyyear. Although Confucius was a well-known academic master at that time,Confucianism was only a school, and Confucius was not in a high position, so theoriginal Confucius Temple was only the former residence of Confucius. After theHan Dynasty, the status of Confucius and Confucianism gradually improved.
According to records, from 220 A.D. to the time before liberation, theConfucius Temple was rebuilt and expanded for more than 70 times. After morethan 20__ years of reconstruction and expansion, the Confucius Temple in Qufuformed a large-scale ancient architectural complex. It covers an area of about140000 square meters, including 466 halls, pavilions, 54 gates and 17 stelepavilions. With its large scale, the Palace Museum and Chengde Mountain Resortare known as the three major ancient architectural complexes in China.
The overall layout of Confucius Temple is a long-term development ofConfucius' former residence, which has a history of more than 2400 years. Thearchitectural effect pursued by the development of Confucius Temple is achievedthrough the environment created by the whole building complex to set off thegreat achievements of Confucius and the profound and extensive of Confucianismand Taoism. Therefore, the artistic expression of Confucius temple architectureis firstly the integrity of its overall layout and architectural sequence;secondly, the treatment of its individual buildings and the pattern of eachcourtyard, and each hall, hall, building, door and pavilion fully shows theirrespective important role; The third is the subtle aspects of individualarchitecture, which fully reflects the unparalleled artistic achievements ofChinese ancient architects in design and construction. In the aspect of overallarchitecture, Confucius Temple adopts the ancient traditional palace stylearchitecture. However, it has been rebuilt and expanded for many times inhistory. When it is rebuilt and expanded, it is bound to be limited by theshape, scale and other factors of the previous Confucian temple. However, thearchitectural group of the Confucian temple finally successfully utilized theheritage of the previous generation, which not only reflects the continuation ofthe historical heritage, but also maintains its overall integrity. This uniquearchitectural form is caused by many factors. First of all, the Confucius Templeis an extension of the former residence of Confucius, which preserves manyhistorical sites related to Confucius, such as the old house well, poetry hall,Lubi, Jinsi hall, and the apricot altar built to commemorate Confucius'lectures; second, the Royal ancestral temple factors, such as the halberdsystem, the front hall and the back bedroom system; third, the palace factors,such as the five gate system of the emperor, the turret system of the RoyalCity, the East and West Huamen, etc; The fourth is the factors of clan andfamily temples, such as Qisheng temple, Chongsheng temple, family temple, etc.;the fifth is the factors of sacrifice. In addition to Confucius, Sipei andtwelve philosophers, there are also sages, Confucians and ancestors, with atotal number of more than 200 people. In order to accommodate a large number ofworshippers, it is necessary to set up veranda, thus forming veranda courtyard.In addition to the above factors, it also highlights the sage status ofConfucius and the sanctity of Confucius and Mencius, such as panchi, Bishui,memorial archway and so on, and symbolizes Confucius' great academicachievements with the book building. Confucius Temple has successfully used thetraditional combination of courtyard and environment, and achieved the purposeof rendering Confucius' outstanding contribution in academic and education andhis lofty position in ancient society. It is a unique architectural form inancient Chinese architectural complex.
There are more than 1200 ancient trees in the Confucius Temple, whichreflect each other with the magnificent buildings. Especially in summer,thousands of egrets live on the ancient trees, forming another unique landscapeof the Confucius Temple. Egrets have been designated as city birds by QufuCity.
Wanren palace wall
Jin Sheng Yu Zhen Fang
Jinshengyuzhen square was built in 1538, the 17th year of Jiajing reign ofMing Dynasty. The four characters of "jinshengyuzhen" are written by Huzuanzong, a scholar of Ming Dynasty. On the square, there is a light carvedcloud dragon playing with pearls. On the top of each column, there is a roundcarving "ward off evil spirits", commonly known as "chaotianhou". Behind thesquare, there is a single hole stone bridge, on which there is a dragon, named"Panshui bridge". Under the bridge, the upstream of panshuiyuan is connectedwith gupanchi, and the downstream flows through the South Gate of Ming CityXishuimen enters the moat. The bridge was built in the 16th year of the reign ofEmperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1677 AD).
The four characters of "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" come from "Mencius · Wan ZhangXia", Mencius said: "Confucius is called jidacheng. He who has achieved greatsuccess has a golden voice and a jade. The first is the sound of gold, and thelast is the sound of jade. " It means that Confucius is a master of sages andsages. The original meaning of "Jin Sheng" refers to the sound of "Zhong", anancient musical instrument in China. The original meaning of "Yu Zhen" refers tothe sound of "Qing", an ancient musical instrument in China. Mencius comparesConfucius' thought to a perfect music. Here, to borrow Mencius' meaning, itmeans that Confucius' thought is perfect and integrates the achievements ofancient sages to reach the top.
Lattice star gate
Lingxing gate was built in the 13th year of Yongle (AD 1415) of MingDynasty. It was originally made of wood. In the 19th year of Qianlong (AD 1754)of Qing Dynasty, it was replaced by stone pillars and iron beams when KongZhaohuan rebuilt the Confucius Temple. On the top of the four pillars are thefour generals, and on the middle beam are the fire pearls, which symbolizes thatthe gate is guarded by the generals and becomes a towering gate.
Lingxing, namely Tiantian star, was first seen in the historical data ofthe Han Emperor Gaozu's order to worship Lingxing. The ancients believed thatLingxing was a star that "the LORD was honored by the scholars" and wasspecially in charge of officials. In the sixth year of emperor Renzong of SongDynasty (A.D. 1028), a Lingxing gate was built on the outer wall of theplatform, which was like a window lattice. There is a gate in the ConfuciusTemple, which means to worship Confucius as heaven. This can be seen in therecords of JINGDING Jiankang and Jinling Xinzhi of Song Dynasty. In addition,there is a inscription in the Confucius Temple: the Lingxing gate is set up to"dredge it to accommodate the corporal". Wherever there is a Lingxing gate, itsdoor leaf must be made of lattice structure, so it has the meaning of dredge.The Confucius temple takes this meaning to attract scholars from all over theworld to study here.
In feudal society, all the officials who came to Qufu to offer sacrificesto Confucius, regardless of their positions, had to get off the sedan chair anddismount the military officials to show their respect for Confucius. Thismonument was first erected in the second year of the reign of emperor Mingchangof Jin Dynasty (1191 AD), and now only one is left in the East.
Taihe Yuanqi square
Taihe Yuanqi square was built in the 23rd year of Jiajing in the MingDynasty (1544 A.D.), which is of stone structure. "Taihe Yuanqi" was written bythe governor of Shandong at that time.
"Taihe" refers to the combination of heaven and earth, sun and moon, andYin and Yang. "Yuanqi" originally means the original material that forms theworld. Later, some materialists called the five elements "Yuanqi" as "gold,wood, water, fire and earth". Everything in the world is composed of fiveelements. Here, "Yuanqi" is the combination of heaven and earth, sun and moon,and Yin and Yang, which is the basis for the growth of all things. "Taihe Qi"means that Confucius thought embodies the essence and the most noble aspect ofhuman thought. It can make human thought reach a supreme position as theuniverse produces everything.
After Yuanqi square of Taihe, there was the "Zhisheng Temple" square,formerly known as the "Xuansheng Temple" square. There was no record of itsfounding date. There was a "Xuansheng Temple" square on the temple map in the16th year of Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty (AD 1503). In 1729 ad, Xuansheng temple waschanged to Zhisheng temple. This square is white marble. "Zhi" meanssupreme.
"Demou heaven and earth, Daoguan ancient and modern" means that Confuciuscontributed as much to mankind as heaven and earth. Confucius thought isunprecedented, and is supreme in both ancient and modern times and in thefuture.
Holy time gate
Shengshimen, originally the main gate of Confucius Temple, was built in the13th year of Yongle (AD 1415) of Ming Dynasty, expanded in the 12th year ofHongzhi (AD 1499), and named "shengshimen" by Emperor Shizong of Qing Dynasty inthe 8th year of Yongzheng (AD 1730). The gate is built on a high platform, andthere are reliefs on the front and rear Royal Roads respectively. It is carvedin the Ming Dynasty. "Shengshimen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of QingDynasty.
The word "Shengshi" comes from Mencius. After comparing four ancientChinese sages, Mencius pointed out: "Boyi is the sage of Qing Dynasty; Yiyin isthe sage of Ren Dynasty; liuxiahui is the sage of harmony; Confucius is the sageof time". Yi Yin helped Tang exterminate Xia Jie, assisted Wai Bing after Tangdied, and established Tang sun Tai Jia to ascend the throne after Zhong Rendied. Because Tai Jia destroyed Tang FA, he was banished by Yi Yin. Three yearslater, Tai Jia repented and Yi Yin took him back. Mencius called Yi Yin thesage; Liu Xiahui was a senior official of the state of Lu in the spring andAutumn period. He had been demoted three times and remained in office. Whenasked why he didn't leave, he replied, "how can we go straight and serve people?Why should we go to our parents' country if we do wrong?" later, when Qiattacked Lu, he sent people to Qi to persuade him to withdraw. Without a singlesoldier, he withdrew from Qi's army, so Mencius said that he was the Holy One.By comparison, Mencius believes that Confucius is the sage of the time, the sageof the whole time, is the most suitable sage of the times, no matter in anyperiod, any dynasty, Confucius thought should become orthodox thought.
Bishui Bridge
When you enter the Shengshi gate, it suddenly opens. In the large squarecourtyard, there are towering ancient trees, fragrant grass, symmetrical Eastand West, each with a waist gate. The three arch bridges on the opposite sidecover the Bishui, and half cover the Hongdao gate. In addition, the stone bonsaiis decorated on it. It makes people relaxed and happy, and they are all moved.They suddenly feel that they have entered the realm of "God". Those who worshipthe saints will look up to the top, and those who watch will see it first.Connected with this situation, the east side of the waist gate is called "quickview", and the west side of the waist gate is called "Yang Gao". "Kuai Kan"means seeing first, while "Yanggao" comes from the Analects of Confucius ·Zihan. It means that Confucius' way is high and unfathomable. Looking up, thehigher you look, the higher you study Confucius' thoughts and theories. Once youenter the door, you will feel that there is no end to what you learn. These twogates were built in the 12th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1499 AD). In thepast, only the emperor could go through the main gate for sacrifice, and mostpeople could only enter the temple through the Yanggao gate.
In front of a water across, three bridges longitudinal span, ring water hascarved stone column, because the water "around such as Bi" named "Bi water".There is Jinshui in front of Tiananmen Gate in Beijing, where Bishui meansConfucius Temple is the same as the Imperial Palace, so the third bridge isnamed Bishui bridge. It was first built in the 13th year of Yongle (AD 1415) ofMing Dynasty. In the 12th year of Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty (AD 1499), stonerailings were added. The river body was built with a river bottom. The originalriver was built with small walls. In the 16th year of Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (AD1677), the small walls were changed into stone railings.
Hongdaomen
Hongdaomen was built in 1377, the 10th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. Itwas the main gate of Confucius Temple at that time. When the Confucius Templewas rebuilt in Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty, it was rebuilt into five rooms.In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730 A.D.), Emperor Yongzheng designated it as"Hongdao gate". Later, Emperor Qianlong inscribed the word "Hongdao" and erecteda plaque on the gate.
There are two stone steles under hongdaomen. The East stele is the "historyof Qufu county" carved in Yuan Dynasty, which records the history of Qufu beforeYuan Dynasty and has high historical value. Xibei is the epitaph of Mr. ChushiWang in Yuan Dynasty, which is of great calligraphy value. The two steles wereoriginally erected in Jiuxian village in the east of Qufu City and moved to theConfucius Temple in 1964.
Da Zhong men
Dazhongmen is the main gate of Confucius Temple in Song Dynasty. It wasbuilt in Song Dynasty and rebuilt in 1499. The three character plaque of"dazhongmen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty.
There are three green tile corner buildings on both sides of the Dazhonggate. The two corner buildings are built on the square high platform in theshape of a curved ruler. The rectangular outline formed by the two cornerbuildings and the East and west corner buildings behind the Confucius Temple isthe outline of the Confucius Temple in the yuan Dynasty. The main buildings inthe Confucius Temple are within this outline. The turret was built in 1331 A.D.in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty. The corner tower of Confucius Temple ismodeled on the corner tower of Imperial City, which means that Confucius Templeis as majestic as imperial palace.
Tongwenmen was built in Song Dynasty. It was originally three rooms, andexpanded to five rooms in Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty. It was called"shentongmen" in the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, and changed totongwenmen in the seventh year of Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1729 AD). Thisdoor is a single door, no wall on the left and right. In the past, intraditional Chinese palace style architecture, small buildings were often usedas barriers before the main building to show solemnity. Tongwen gate acted as abarrier for Kuiwen Pavilion. "Tongwenmen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of QingDynasty.
Kuiwen Pavilion
Kuiwenge, formerly known as the library, was built in the Song Dynasty withfive double eaves. In the sixth year of jinmingchang (AD 1195), it was changedinto three eaves and was named "kuiwenge". In the 17th year of Hongzhi in MingDynasty (1504 AD), it was changed into seven rooms. Emperor Qianlong of Gaozongof Qing Dynasty inscribed a plaque on the pavilion.
Kuiwen Pavilion is 30.1 meters wide from east to west, 17.62 meters deepfrom north to south, and 23.35 meters high. It has triple cornices, four layersof brackets, and eight octagonal stone columns under the eaves. The internalstructure is a laminated wooden frame, with two layers of Pavilion and a darklayer in the middle.
Kui, the name of the star. One of the 28 sleepers. It is said that it isthe head of the white tiger in the west, with a total of 16 stars, "buckled andhooked, like a painting of words". In the book of filial piety, it is said that"the article of Kui master", and later generations further described Kui star as"the head of civil servants". Therefore, in order to praise Confucius as a civilservant, Jin Zhangzong named the original library Kuiwen Pavilion.
Kuiwen pavilion has experienced hundreds of years of ups and downs andhundreds of earthquakes since it was expanded in 1504. In the West Pavilion,there is a tablet recording a major earthquake in the Kangxi period of QingDynasty, "nine houses in the world, one in the world". That is to say, 90% ofthe houses collapsed and Kuiwen pavilion was safe and sound. By the early 1980s,Kuiwen Pavilion had been in disrepair for many years. Some of the wood wasrotten and the top of the pavilion was twisted. Under the leadership of theState Administration of cultural relics, experts on ancient buildings wereorganized to work out a restoration plan. More than 1.2 million yuan wasallocated to renovate Kuiwen Pavilion one year ahead of the original schedule.The renovated Kuiwen pavilion has completely maintained its originalspecifications and style.
There are two stone tablets in the East and west of kuiwenge corridor.Kuiwenge Fu in the East is written by Li Dongyang, a famous poet in MingDynasty, and Qiao Zong, a famous calligrapher. In the west is kuiwenge resetbooks record, which records that in 1511, Liu Liu and Liu Qi led the peasantuprising army to capture Qufu and occupy the Confucius Temple. After they burnedkuiwenge's books, the emperor ordered the Ministry of rites to issue imperialbooks. In the late Qing Dynasty, the collection of books in Kuiwen pavilion wasmoved to Confucius' residence for preservation.
Kuiwen Pavilion is now on display with the pictures of Confucius' holyrelics