南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞（精選7篇）
南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇1
各位游客：
明孝陵坐落在南京市鐘山南麓獨(dú)龍阜玩珠峰下，它是明朝開國皇帝朱元璋及皇后馬氏的陵寢。為第一批全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。這座已有600多年歷史的明代皇家陵墓以其墓主顯赫、規(guī)模宏大、形制獨(dú)特、環(huán)境優(yōu)美而著稱。20__年，明孝陵申報(bào)世界遺產(chǎn)成功，更使得這座開創(chuàng)明清皇陵制度的明孝陵成為了世人矚目的焦點(diǎn)。
明孝陵經(jīng)過600多年的歷史滄桑，許多建筑物的木結(jié)構(gòu)部分已不存在，但它的所有建筑遺存都完好地保留在原地，空間布局上完整如初，文化遺存所在的自然景觀未受損壞，它們足以顯示明孝陵在中國帝陵發(fā)展過程中所擁有的獨(dú)特的設(shè)計(jì)理念、制度格局、營造規(guī)模和藝術(shù)成就。如今，分布于北京、湖北、河北等省、市的明清皇家陵寢都是以明孝陵的規(guī)制和模式而建造的，從這種意義上說，明孝陵不愧是一件天才的藝術(shù)杰作，是中國文化發(fā)展到高度成熟時(shí)期的一項(xiàng)綜合性成果，它開創(chuàng)了明清帝陵的一代新制，在中國帝陵發(fā)展史中具有里程碑的價(jià)值和地位。
它是明初政治思想、社會(huì)文化、審美意識(shí)、建筑技術(shù)和國家財(cái)力的結(jié)晶。陵寢布局設(shè)計(jì)和建筑形式，具有鮮明的時(shí)代風(fēng)格和典范精神。既繼承了漢、唐、宋帝陵制度中的優(yōu)秀成分，又創(chuàng)建了新的帝陵制度。明孝陵的陵寢制度，規(guī)范著明、清兩代500多年帝陵建設(shè)的總體格局和風(fēng)貌，其地位崇高，影響極為深遠(yuǎn)。
南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇2
各位游客：南京有“帝王之洲”之稱，各個(gè)朝代在南京都留下了大批古跡和遺址。現(xiàn)在我們要去參觀游覽的是明孝陵。
【明孝陵的地理位置—選址經(jīng)過—營建過程】
明孝陵是明朝開國皇帝朱元津和皇后馬氏的合葬墓，它位于紫金山南麓獨(dú)龍阜玩珠峰下，是南京規(guī)模最大，保存最完好的一座帝王陵墓。至今已有600多年的歷史了。
中國歷代帝王對(duì)陵地的選擇非常慎重，特別注重選擇“吉壤”之地，即風(fēng)水寶地。每次外出選址，除派遣朝廷一、二品官員外，還要吸納通曉地理、會(huì)看風(fēng)水的方士參加。選好陵地后，皇帝還必須親自審視現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，滿意了才被最后確定下來。朱元璋登基后不久，就很關(guān)心自己死后的“天堂”，便開始籌劃營建陵墓。據(jù)說，他曾把劉伯溫、徐達(dá)、常遇春、湯和等大臣召來，商議選址。五人約定各自先把所選最佳墓址寫在紙上，然后同時(shí)公開。結(jié)果，英雄所見略同，都寫著“獨(dú)龍阜玩珠峰”。
所以，朱元津陵墓的墓址就這樣定了下來。獨(dú)龍阜是一座位于紫金山主峰之下的小山丘，高150米，直徑約400米，像是一座巨大的天然墳冢。中國的封建皇帝常把自身比作真龍?zhí)熳樱讵?dú)龍阜建陵，很符合封建迷信的要求。明孝陵于洪武九年(1376年)開始籌建，主管造陵工程的是中軍都督府企事李新。當(dāng)時(shí)，動(dòng)用大量民工，遷走了前人留下來的幾十座寺廟。自東晉、南朝以來，佛教在中國得到了廣泛的傳播，梁武帝甚至把佛教當(dāng)作國教，因此南京寺廟林立。東晉時(shí)，有佛寺300多所，南朝增加到近500所，僧侶達(dá)10萬之眾。
唐代杜牧詩：“南朝四百八十寺，多少樓臺(tái)煙雨中。”正是當(dāng)年南京佛寺興盛的寫照。除了遷寺之外，甚至還遷走了不少前人的陵墓。但當(dāng)要遷走三國時(shí)孫權(quán)的陵墓(在今南京梅花山上)時(shí)，朱元津說了一句話：“孫權(quán)也是一條好漢，留著他守門。”才沒被遷走。洪武十五年(1382年)，第一期工程完成后，正好遇上馬皇后去世，朱元津?yàn)樗e行了隆重的葬禮，并將其靈樞葬人陵墓，封她為“孝慈皇后”，陵墓的名稱也由此而來。
1383年，孝陵的主體工程大殿建成。1392年，皇太子朱標(biāo)去世，葬在孝陵東，稱為東陵。洪武三十一年(1398年)建成“大明孝陵神功圣德碑”，整個(gè)建陵工程才告結(jié)束，工程歷時(shí)23年。朱元津臨終前，曾留下遺命;“喪儀物一以儉素，不用金玉，孝陵山川因其故無所改，天下臣民三口皆釋服，無妨嫁娶。”這顯然是朱元璋收買人心的把戲。整座明孝陵可謂規(guī)模恢宏。
在漫長(zhǎng)的23年工程建設(shè)中，耗盡了民脂民膏。當(dāng)時(shí)墓區(qū)內(nèi)植樹萬株，養(yǎng)鹿千頭，派守的衛(wèi)兵多達(dá)5700人。其范圍之廣，規(guī)模之大，在明代以前是少見的。而且朱元津下葬時(shí)，有40位嬪妃殉葬，其中2人葬在孝陵東、西兩側(cè)，38人從葬于孝陵。這暴露了中國封建統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的殘忍，他們不僅生前要享受榮華富豪，死后仍要“雖死猶生”，實(shí)行厚葬，不惜百姓性命。
南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇3
現(xiàn)在我們看到的是金水橋，金水橋的后方就是明孝陵的陵寢建筑，金水橋原本有五座，正對(duì)著陵宮的五座大門，后毀于清咸豐年間的戰(zhàn)火，清代只重新修復(fù)了三座，我們可以看到橋面與橋基的石雕任然是明代遺物，橋欄為清代重修。從這里開始，建筑依照中國傳統(tǒng)，坐北朝南，中軸對(duì)稱。
順坡而上，我們首先看到的是文武方門，這是陵宮的大門。它黃瓦，朱門，紅墻，相互映襯，盡顯皇家的氣派。這座門是1988年根據(jù)史料重修的大門，在門前在墻外的東側(cè)，有一座特別告示碑，立于宣統(tǒng)元年，上面用日德意法英俄六國文字書寫，內(nèi)容是告誡游人要保護(hù)孝陵。
進(jìn)了文武方門，我們就來到了碑殿，碑殿原為孝陵享殿前的大門，因大門在太平天國的戰(zhàn)火中，清同治年間將毀壞的大門改建為碑殿，殿內(nèi)共有五塊碑刻，正中一塊上刻“治隆唐宋”，為康熙皇帝手書，意思是贊譽(yù)朱元璋治理國家的功績(jī)超過了唐太宗李世民、宋太祖趙匡胤。作為滿清皇帝的康熙如此昭示天下，一方面表示了他對(duì)朱元璋的尊重和欽佩之意，另一方面也是有其良苦用心的。康熙執(zhí)政之初，漢人不服滿人統(tǒng)治。康熙深知，光靠滿人高壓政策是不行的，還須依靠漢人。他一生六次南巡，五次親謁明孝陵，行三跪九叩的大禮，并在1699年第三次南巡謁陵時(shí)題“治隆唐宋”，借此籠絡(luò)人心。作為旁邊兩塊是乾隆皇帝謁陵時(shí)所題的詩碑。后面還有兩塊臥碑分別記敘康熙皇帝第一次和第三次南巡時(shí)謁太祖陵的紀(jì)事，上面有兩江總督陶岱以及江南織造郎中曹寅所書的記錄。
這座建筑是孝陵原主要建筑享殿，即孝陵殿舊址，可以看到原有漢白玉的三層須彌座臺(tái)基，臺(tái)基高三米，三層臺(tái)基的四角上還遺留石雕的螭首，臺(tái)基前后各處踏跺三道。塌跺中置丹陛。上陛為“二龍戲珠”，中陛為“日照山河”，下陛為“天馬行空”三層須彌座上為享殿，里面是供奉朱元璋及馬皇后的神位。原來的殿宇毀于清咸豐年間的戰(zhàn)火，我們現(xiàn)在看到臺(tái)基地面上保留下來的56個(gè)巨大的石柱礎(chǔ)，每個(gè)的直徑都有0.91米，看到這里就不難想象當(dāng)時(shí)的享殿是多么的壯觀。當(dāng)年的孝陵殿面闊九間，進(jìn)深五間，重檐廡殿頂，上覆黃色琉璃瓦，斗拱挑檐，高大森嚴(yán)，當(dāng)時(shí)孝陵的規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)比北京十三陵明成祖的長(zhǎng)陵享殿要大。現(xiàn)在我們看到的是清代同治年間修復(fù)的三開間的小殿，規(guī)模已大不如前。
經(jīng)過內(nèi)紅門，走過升仙橋，眼前的建筑就是方城，方城是寶頂前面的一座巨大建筑，外部用大條石與巨大的磚石砌成，方城東西兩側(cè)各有八字墻一堵，墻面四角飾有磚雕花紋，這些磚雕是明代初年的代表作品。穿過方城正中54級(jí)甬道，迎面就是寶城的南墻，正面可見用十三層條石壘筑，上書“此山明太祖之墓”七個(gè)大字，據(jù)說這七個(gè)字刻于民國初年，是用以回答游人詢問的。
從寶城與方城之間的東西夾道折向南拾級(jí)而上，可以登上明樓，它原先是一座重檐歇山頂，上覆黃色琉璃瓦的精美建筑，后毀于清代太平天國的戰(zhàn)火，僅存四壁，20xx年明樓加頂保護(hù)工程完成，已修復(fù)上午明樓于20xx年7月正式對(duì)游客開放，里面展出了明代分布在全國的十九處帝王陵墓的圖片資料。
方城后面就是寶頂，它是一個(gè)直徑325——400米的圓形大土丘，寶頂上樹木參天，它的下面就是朱元璋馬皇后埋葬的玄宮。寶城就是圍繞寶頂周長(zhǎng)約1100米的磚城。寶城寶頂?shù)幕柿晷沃崎_創(chuàng)了明清500多年帝陵的先河。只是明代的寶頂大致為圓形，清代帝陵的寶頂改為橢圓形了。
今天在明孝陵的東側(cè)還保存有明太子朱標(biāo)的東陵遺址，在當(dāng)年明孝陵陵區(qū)鐘山之陰還建有數(shù)座明代功臣墓。
中國古代的帝王陵墓形制最初為秦漢時(shí)的方上，代表陵墓為陜西的秦始皇陵，唐代改為依山為陵，代表陵墓有陜西唐高宗李治與女皇武則天的唐乾陵，宋代帝王陵為規(guī)模比較小的方上，明代朱元璋首創(chuàng)了寶城寶頂、前朝后寢的陵墓形式。
明朝自1368年建都，至1644年滅亡，前后有16位皇帝，除南京明孝陵外，其余皇陵均在北京，只有建文帝朱允炆沒有陵墓。諸多的明代陵墓遺存給我們留下了無數(shù)觀賞之處。
中國古代陵墓作為中國文化的遺存，為后人研究與了解中國古代經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化留下了重要的實(shí)物資料。各位游客朋友，我們今天的參觀就要這里結(jié)束，感謝大家對(duì)我的導(dǎo)游工作的配合，歡迎您再次游覽明孝陵!
南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇4
各位游客：過了御河橋，折向西北就是陵墓的神道。神道分為兩段：第一段為東西向，名石象路，因路上有高大的石象而得名。石象路長(zhǎng)615米，路上兩側(cè)分列6種12對(duì)共24只石獸，每種4只，兩蹲兩立，自東向西排列著獅、獬豸、駱駝、象、麒麟和馬。這些石獸各有寓意：獅為百獸之王，顯示帝王的威嚴(yán)，它既是皇權(quán)的象征，又起到鎮(zhèn)魔辟邪的作用；獬豸是“神羊”，獨(dú)角、獅身、青毛，秉性忠直，能明辨是非，相傳舜帝時(shí)管刑法的官員皋陶豢養(yǎng)獬豸，如果遇到兩人爭(zhēng)斗，它能用角抵觸無理有罪的人，后人奉它為公正的神獸，在這里用來標(biāo)榜皇帝是執(zhí)法如山的圣明天子；駱駝象征著沙漠與熱帶，表示大明疆域遼闊，皇帝威鎮(zhèn)四方；大象是獸中巨物，性格溫良，寓有“順民”的意思，另外它四腿粗壯有力，堅(jiān)如磐石，表示國家江山的穩(wěn)固；麒麟是傳說中的“四靈”(麟、鳳、龜、龍)之首，它是披鱗甲、不履生草、不食生物的仁獸，雄的叫麒，雌的叫麟，象征“仁義之君”和吉祥、光明；馬，在古代是帝王南征北戰(zhàn)、統(tǒng)一江山的重要坐騎，在戰(zhàn)火紛飛的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上常常立下汗馬功勞，它具有“老馬識(shí)途”的智慧，“馬不停蹄”的能耐，“一馬當(dāng)先”的奉獻(xiàn)精神和忠于職守的高尚品德，為歷代封建統(tǒng)治者所鐘愛。明孝陵神道的6種石獸中，以象為最大，重達(dá)80噸，都取材于江蘇大連山。當(dāng)時(shí)為了將這些石獸運(yùn)抵明孝陵，冬季時(shí)，在路面上灑水結(jié)成冰，再用粗大的竹、木作滾軸，用讓眾人一路上推滾的辦法來完成運(yùn)輸任務(wù)。石獸盡處，神道折向正北。這一段神道從望柱起到根星門止，長(zhǎng)250米，俗稱翁仲路。
現(xiàn)在我們看到的這對(duì)圓形擎天柱，上面刻有蟠龍紋飾，這就是華表。華表在古代通常用作陵墓、宮殿、宗廟的標(biāo)志。其實(shí)原先的華表與我們現(xiàn)在見到的不一樣，它是一根木柱，后來演變?yōu)樵诳拷局敳堪采隙痰臋M木或木板，把它豎立在交通要道或是朝堂上，讓人書寫諫言，或是起到表識(shí)作用。這種表柱也叫柜表，因?yàn)檫h(yuǎn)看好像一朵花，而古時(shí)候花與華是相通的，所以又叫華表。墓前立華表始于戰(zhàn)國時(shí)的燕昭王，到西漢時(shí)已很盛行，但當(dāng)時(shí)也都是木制的。用石柱作華表，直到東漢才盛行，東漢時(shí)的石柱周圍有瓜棱形直紋，柱上還題刻著“某官職某某神道”的字樣。到南朝梁代，石柱上端出現(xiàn)了蓮花紋因蓋及蹲坐的小辟邪。唐乾陵的`石柱、柱身、柱礎(chǔ)、柱頂出現(xiàn)了卷草紋雕飾。宋陵石柱通體都刻有龍紋。由于受宗教的影響，柱頂端也逐漸演變成承露盤和立在上面的望天犼。華表上的犼頭朝外，表示望君歸；華表上的犼頭朝里，表示望君出。由于犼性好望，所以凡有石犼蹲立的華表又稱“望柱”。不知大家發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有，從明孝陵神道到這對(duì)華表為止改變了走向，呈南北向，而不像其他皇陵呈直線排列。據(jù)說這是為了繞開孫權(quán)陵墓，遵守朱元津不遷孫陵，讓他為朱元津看守大門的諾言，所以使神道呈彎月形，環(huán)抱著梅花山。每到初春時(shí)分，漫山遍野的梅花吐艷，宛如一片“香雪海”。
南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇5
Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty is located at the foot of MountQomolangma in Dulong Fuwan, south of Zhongshan Mountain in Nanjing. It is themausoleum of the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang and empress Ma Shi. It is thefirst batch of national key cultural relics protection units. This royalmausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, which has a history of more than 600 years, isfamous for its prominent owner, large scale, unique shape and beautifulenvironment. In 20__, the Ming Xiaoling was successfully declared as a worldheritage site, which made the Ming Xiaoling, which initiated the imperialmausoleum system of Ming and Qing Dynasties, become the focus of worldattention.
After more than 600 years of historical vicissitudes, the wooden structureof many buildings no longer exists, but all of its architectural remains areintact in place, the spatial layout is intact, and the natural landscape wherethe cultural remains are located is not damaged. They are enough to show theunique design concept, system pattern, construction scale and cultural value ofMing Xiaoling in the development process of Chinese imperial mausoleum Artisticachievements. Nowadays, the Royal mausoleums of Ming and Qing Dynastiesdistributed in Beijing, Hubei, Hebei and other provinces and cities are allbuilt according to the regulation and mode of Ming Xiaoling. In this sense, MingXiaoling is a masterpiece of art and a comprehensive achievement in the highlymature period of Chinese culture. It has created a new generation of Ming andQing Imperial Mausoleums and has a long history in the development of ChineseImperial Mausoleums The value and status of the monument.
It is the crystallization of political thought, social culture, aestheticconsciousness, architectural technology and national financial resources in theearly Ming Dynasty. The layout design and architectural form of the mausoleumhave distinctive style of the times and exemplary spirit. It not only inheritedthe excellent elements of the imperial mausoleum system of Han, Tang and SongDynasties, but also created a new imperial mausoleum system. The mausoleumsystem of Xiaoling in Ming Dynasty regulated the overall pattern and style ofmausoleum construction in Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years. Itsstatus was lofty and its influence was far-reaching.
南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇6
Dear tourists, the scenic spot we are going to visit is the Ming XiaolingMausoleum, which is located in Dulong, Mt. Zijin. Xiaoling Tomb of the MingDynasty is the joint Tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, andhis Empress Ma Shi. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a poor peasant family inFengyang, Anhui Province. He joined Huangjue temple at the age of 17, joined thered scarf army of Guo Zixing at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in 1352, led thearmy to conquer Nanjing in 1356, and ascended the throne in 1368.
Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty was built in 1381. In 1382, it wasburied in empress Ma Shi. In 1398, it was buried here after Zhu Yuanzhang diedof illness. The project was not completed until 1413. It was named Xiaolingbecause Zhu Yuanzhang advocated "governing the world with filial piety" on theone hand, and because empress Ma was posthumously named "Xiaoci" on the other.Therefore, the tomb was called "Xiaoling" in the Ming Dynasty and "Xiaoling" inthe Qing Dynasty to show the difference between dynasties.
Relying on Zijin Mountain, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum has a windingShinto. The mausoleum abides by the tradition of Chinese architecture, and itscentral axis is symmetrical. It is the first Mausoleum of Baocheng Baoding. Themausoleum shape of the former dynasty and the later Dynasty is the firstMausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 600 years. As a nationalkey cultural relic protection unit, it was listed in the world cultural heritagelist in 20__.
What we see now is the first gate of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, dajinmen.In those days, a 45 Li external wall extended from both sides of dajinmen,including the whole Zijinshan.
The roof and gate of the old golden gate, which was covered with yellowglazed tiles, have disappeared. Only the castle and the three arches.
Over the golden gate, we came to Sifang city. It turned out to be a stelePavilion. Because the top of the pavilion was destroyed by the war in XianfengPeriod of Qing Dynasty, only four walls and four door tickets were left. Eachside is 26.86 meters long, just like an ancient castle. So Nanjing peoplecommonly call it Sifang city. There is a tablet of "the miraculous work of theXiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty" in the city, which is 6.7 meters highIt's 2.08 meters high and called Mian. It's said that it's one of the nine sonsof the dragon. It's very heavy. This tablet is the largest Ming tablet inNanjing. The inscription is written by Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.It has 2746 words and is divided into seven parts. First, it describes his lifeexperience and was born in Jurong family. Second, it asks for the people'sorders and makes a great fortune. Third, it calms down the world, ascends thethrone and becomes emperor, cezhonggong and the crown prince, and is granted thesame surname. Fourth, it abolishes Zhongshu and sets up six departments to takecharge of military power. Fifth, it attaches importance to talents and the studyof founding a nation; 6、 He lived a simple life, and asked him to be buried withMa after his death in Xiaoling; 7. The name of 57 royal children and 144 fourcharacter eulogies, the inscription is a high praise of Zhu Yuanzhang's life.The completion of the monument of the great Ming Xiaoling was in 1413, whichmarks the end of the Ming Xiaoling project. Behind Zhu Di's great contributionto Zhu Yuanzhang, in fact, he built up his own prestige in Dashu, so as to showthe legitimacy of inheriting the throne. He originally sent tens of thousands ofmigrant workers to chisel a huge stele in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. If thecap, body and base of the stele were 72 meters high, they were too huge tocarry, so they were abandoned.
After passing the Yuhe bridge, we come to the Shinto of the XiaolingMausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. The Shinto is divided into two sections. Thefirst section is Shixiang road. On both sides of the road, there are six kindsof Stone Beasts, four in each group, standing on both sides and squatting onboth sides. Kirin is the king of animals, symbolizing the majesty of kings, andChina _ s legendary law beast, symbolizing the integrity of kings; camels arethe boats of the desert, showing the vast territory of Ming Dynasty and thetranquility of the western regions of the country; the elephant is a symbol ofthe country and the people, and the people are obedient; the unicorn is a kindof monster of Chinese mythology and legend, symbolizing the benevolence of theemperor. The last animal to see is a horse, which symbolizes loyalty to theemperor. The main purpose of placing these stone beasts on both sides of theShinto is to record Zhu Yuanzhang's achievements, to show the prosperity of theMing Dynasty, and to pray for the suppression of demons and evil spirits.
Walking along the stone statue Road, the second section of Shinto,wengzhong Road, lies ahead. There is a pair of pillar at the intersection, whichis also called Huabiao. The Shinto standing in front of the mausoleum is alsocalled lingbiao. There is the function of indicating the road here. From here,Shinto begins to turn due north. On wengzhong Road, there were two pairs ofmilitary generals, who were wearing armor and holding a wat board in theirhands. They were burly, and two pairs of civil ministers, who were wearing courtclothes and holding wat boards in their hands, were solemn. They are a pair ofyoung people and a pair of middle-aged people respectively, which indicates thatthere are successors in Daming. At the end of the Shinto Road, there is aLingxing gate with six pillars and three gates. The original gate was destroyedin the war in Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now the Lingxing gate isrestored in 20__ according to historical data. This is the ceremonial gate forvisiting the mausoleum.
On the east side of Shixiang Road, there is a hill called Meihua Mountain.Shinto turns a bend around Meihua Mountain. It turns out that this mountain wasthe mausoleum of Sun Quan in the eastern Wu Dynasty. During the construction ofthe Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, someone suggested that thismausoleum should be removed. However, Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Sun Quan is also ahero. Let me see the gate." so the Shinto curved and became the natural barrierof the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. Now it has become a famous plumappreciation base in Nanjing.
Now we see the Jinshui bridge. Behind the Jinshui bridge is the mausoleumbuilding of Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. There were five Jinshui bridgesfacing the five gates of the mausoleum palace, which were destroyed by the warin Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty. Only three of them were restored in QingDynasty. We can see that the stone carvings on the bridge deck and bridgefoundation are still relics of Ming Dynasty, and the bridge railings wererebuilt in Qing Dynasty. Starting from here, the building is in accordance withChinese tradition, with the north facing south and the central axissymmetrical.
Up the slope, the first thing we see is the square gate of Wenwu, which isthe gate of the mausoleum palace. Its yellow tile, red door and red wall set offeach other, showing the royal style. This gate was rebuilt in 1988 according tohistorical materials. In front of the gate, on the east side of the wall, thereis a special notice tablet, which was erected in the first year of Xuantong. Itis written in the characters of Japan, Germany, Italy, France, Britain andRussia. The content is to warn visitors to protect Xiaoling.
Entering the Wenwu square gate, we come to the Beidian. The Beidian wasoriginally the gate in front of the Xiaoling hall. Because the gate wasdestroyed in the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the destroyed gate wasrebuilt into a Beidian in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. There are fiveinscriptions in the hall. In the middle of the five inscriptions, "Zhilong Tangand Song Dynasty" is inscribed in the handwriting of Emperor Kangxi, which meansthat Zhu Yuanzhang's achievements in governing the country surpass those ofEmperor Taizong Li Shimin and Emperor Songtai in the Tang Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin.Kangxi, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, showed his respect and admirationfor Zhu Yuanzhang on the one hand, and on the other hand, he had his own goodintentions. At the beginning of the reign of Kangxi, the Han people did notaccept the Manchu rule. Kangxi knew that it was not enough to rely on theManchu's high pressure policy alone, but also on the Han people. He visitedXiaoling of Ming Dynasty six times and five times in his life. He knelt downthree times and kowtowed nine times. In 1699, when he visited Xiaoling of MingDynasty for the third time, he wrote "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasty" to win thehearts of the people. Next to them are two steles inscribed by Emperor Qianlongwhen he visited the mausoleum. There are also two lying steles on the back,which respectively record the first and third visits to Taizu mausoleum duringEmperor Kangxi's southern tour. There are records written by Tao Dai, governorof Liangjiang and Cao Yin, weaving doctor in Jiangnan.
This building is the former site of Xiaoling hall, which is the mainbuilding of Xiaoling. You can see the three-story xumizuo platform base of theoriginal white marble. The platform base is three meters high. The four cornersof the three-story platform base are still left with stone carved head. Thereare three steps around the platform base. It's the middle of the road. On thethird floor of xumizuo is the hall of enjoyment, which is dedicated to ZhuYuanzhang and empress ma. The original palace was destroyed by the war inXianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now we can see 56 huge stone pillars on theplatform foundation, each with a diameter of 0.91 meters. It's easy to imaginehow spectacular the hall was at that time. At that time, the hall of Xiaolingwas nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with double eaves, covered with yellowglazed tiles and a bucket arch overhanging eaves. The scale of Xiaoling was muchlarger than that of Changling Hall of Ming Chengzu in Beijing. What we see nowis the three Bay small hall restored during the reign of Tongzhi in the QingDynasty, which is not as large as before.
Passing through the inner red gate and the Shengxian bridge, the buildingin front of you is Fangcheng. Fangcheng is a huge building in front of Baoding.The outside is made of big stones and huge bricks. There are eight characterwalls on the East and west sides of Fangcheng. The four corners of the wall aredecorated with brick carvings. These brick carvings are representative works ofthe early Ming Dynasty. Passing through the 54th level corridor in the center ofFangcheng, you can see the south wall of Baocheng. On the front of the wall, youcan see that it is built with 13 layers of stones. It is said that the sevencharacters were engraved in the early years of the Republic of China to answervisitors' questions.
From the East-West corridor between Baocheng and Fangcheng, you can climbto the minglou. It was originally a beautiful building with double eaves andyellow glazed tiles. It was destroyed by the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdomin the Qing Dynasty. Only four walls are left. In 20__, the minglou protectionproject was completed, and it has been restored. In July 20__, the minglou wasofficially opened to tourists, showing the distribution of Ming Dynasty in ChinaThere are 19 mausoleums of emperors in China.
Behind the Fangcheng is Baoding, which is a large round mound with adiameter of 325-400m. On the top of the mound are towering trees, and below itis the palace where empress Ma of Zhu Yuanzhang was buried. Baocheng is a brickcity with a circumference of 1100 meters around Baoding. The imperial mausoleumin Baoding of Baocheng city is the first mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynastiesfor more than 500 years. It's just that the Ming Dynasty's top is roughly round,while the Qing Dynasty's Mausoleum's top is oval.
Today, the east side of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty haspreserved the site of the Dongling Mausoleum of Zhu Biao, Prince of the MingDynasty.
In ancient China, the imperial mausoleum was originally built in Fangshangof Qin and Han Dynasties. The representative mausoleum was Qinshihuang Mausoleumin Shaanxi Province. In Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the mausoleum near themountain. The representative mausoleum included Tang Qianling Mausoleum of LiZhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian of Shaanxi Province.In Song Dynasty, the imperial mausoleum was built in Fangshang of relativelysmall scale. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the mausoleum form ofBaocheng Baoding mausoleum and former dynasty and later Dynasty mausoleum.
The Ming Dynasty established its capital in 1368 and perished in 1644.There were 16 emperors before and after it. Except for the Ming XiaolingMausoleum in Nanjing, the rest of the mausoleums were in Beijing. Only JianwenEmperor Zhu Yunwen had no mausoleum. Many tombs of the Ming Dynasty have left uscountless places to watch.
As the remains of Chinese culture, ancient Chinese mausoleums have leftimportant material materials for later generations to study and understandancient Chinese economy and culture. Dear tourist friends, today's visit iscoming to an end. Thank you for your cooperation in my tour guide work. Welcometo visit Ming Xiaoling again!
南京明孝陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇7
過了華表，這由南往北排列著的是8個(gè)石人，其中4個(gè)文臣，4個(gè)武將，人們也把它們叫做石翁仲，因此這段路又叫翁仲路。傳說翁件原是秦始皇時(shí)的一名大力士，名叫阮翁仲，此人身高一丈三尺，勇猛元比，曾駐守臨洮(今甘肅岷縣)，鎮(zhèn)服匈奴有功。死后，秦始皇為了紀(jì)念他，便鑄了阮翁仲銅像，立在咸陽官司馬門外。匈奴人來咸陽，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)看見這尊銅像，都畏懼不敢靠近。從此以后，人們就把銅像、石像通稱為“翁仲”了。這些翁仲全部用整塊石料雕鑿而成，文臣身穿朝服，端莊肅穆;武將披甲戴盔，威武雄壯。這些石人像和前面的石獸同為明代石雕藝術(shù)的珍品。
【明孝陵主體建筑：金水橋—文武坊門—碑殿—孝陵殿—方城—明樓—寶頂】
走完3里神道，明孝陵的引導(dǎo)建筑便參觀完畢了。接著請(qǐng)大家跟我往北前行，去參觀明孝陵的主體建筑。
首先我們來到了金水橋前，金水橋?yàn)槿资瘶颍瑯蛎嬖O(shè)有欄桿。從金水橋直到方城、寶頂，方向?yàn)檎媳保ㄖ粗休S線對(duì)稱配置。
從金水橋向北200米，順坡而上，這就是明孝陵主體建筑的正門，名叫文武坊門。門上嵌有青石碑一方，寬1.99米，高1.07米，陰刻餾金“明孝陵”3個(gè)大宇，為曾國藩所題，邊飾云龍花紋。現(xiàn)在的大門等建筑是清同治四年(1865年)重建的。門外東側(cè)墻下，立有一塊“特別告示碑”，高1.05米，寬0.63米，用日、德、意、英、法、俄六國文字鐫刻，內(nèi)容是保護(hù)明孝陵的告示。這塊碑是清宣統(tǒng)元年(1909年)兩江洋務(wù)總局道臺(tái)和江寧知府會(huì)銜豎立的。
進(jìn)人文武坊正門，是一座清代同治八年(1869年)所建的碑殿。碑殿正中豎立著高大的石碑5塊，中間一塊最為醒目，上書“治隆唐宋”四個(gè)大字，這是清圣祖玄燁于康熙三十八年(1699年)第三次南巡拜謁明孝陵時(shí)題寫的。意思是贊揚(yáng)明太祖的功績(jī)勝過了唐宗家祖。這塊碑高3.85米，寬1.42米，碑下有座。碑的兩側(cè)，還有兩塊立碑，分別刻有乾隆巡謁明孝陵時(shí)的兩首題詩。
由碑殿向北55米，是享殿。從正門到享殿，地上用巨石鋪成一條寬1.6米的御道。享殿原名孝陵殿，是明孝陵的主要建筑，于洪武十六年(1383年)建成。我們現(xiàn)在看到的是清同治十二年重建的享殿，殿為3間，檐高3.11米，長(zhǎng)11米，進(jìn)深7米，規(guī)模比原來的孝陵殿小得多。殿內(nèi)掛著的是朱元津與馬皇后畫像的復(fù)制品。殿的`前后各有踏垛三道，這中央踏垛居中部分稱“陛”，上陛為“二龍戲珠”，中陛為“日照山河”，下陛為“天馬行空”，均為浮雕圖案。
穿過內(nèi)紅門，走過大石橋，一座全部用大條石筑成的大型建筑便呈現(xiàn)在我們面前，這就是方城。它前高16.25米，后高民13米，東西長(zhǎng)75.26米，南北寬31米，東西兩側(cè)有八字墻。方城正中是一個(gè)高大的拱門，拱門內(nèi)是一條深長(zhǎng)的隧道，由54級(jí)石階組成，出隧道分左右二石階，向南登上方城，便是明樓所在。
明樓俗稱“馬娘娘梳妝臺(tái)”，東西長(zhǎng)39.15米，南北寬18.40米。南面開拱門3個(gè)，東、西、北三面各開拱門一個(gè)，樓內(nèi)地面用方磚鋪地。明樓原來是有頂?shù)模F(xiàn)僅存四壁。方城和明樓是明代的創(chuàng)新，明以前的帝王陵墓都沒有這樣的建筑。在寶頂前面建造一座高大的方城和明樓，其中又夾以深送的隧道，更增加了莊嚴(yán)肅穆的氣氛，顯示出帝王的無比威嚴(yán)。
方城之后就是寶頂，也叫寶城，只見正面的石壁上橫刻著“此山明太祖之墓”7個(gè)楷書大字。據(jù)說，它刻于民國初年，用以回答游人的提問。寶城是一座近似圓形的小丘，直徑約325米到400米，四周圍有磚墻，墻以條石作基礎(chǔ)，依山就勢(shì)而筑，高約7米，墻頂厚度2.I米。寶頂之上，樹木參天，明太祖和馬皇后的地宮就在這寶頂之下。據(jù)說，這地宮完全按南京明故宮前朝后寢形式建造。根據(jù)專家考證，據(jù)陵墓地面建筑的規(guī)模估計(jì)，這座地下宮殿必定大于北京昌平十三陵中已發(fā)掘的第十個(gè)陵墓“定陵”。但由于種.種原因，至今未曾得到發(fā)掘，一旦發(fā)掘，必將又是一大奇觀。
各位游客：明孝陵的導(dǎo)游講解就到此結(jié)束，大家如果有什么問題要問，我將盡量滿足你們。現(xiàn)在清隨我一起上車，去游覽下一個(gè)景點(diǎn)。