Unit 1  Festivals around the world

thanksgiving, as we know it today, has come a long way from the pilgrim's harvest festival in 1621. it is an event that seems, as each year goes by, to reinvent itself and to expand its meaning to larger vistas. maybe this is the real significance of the occasion; for as we continue to change and grow as a people, there are an increasing number of things for which we can be thankful.

halloween
the ancient druids 督伊德教(古代高盧人與不列顛人的一種宗教)的教徒 who inhabited what we now call great britain placed great importance on the passing of one season to the next, holding "fire festivals" which were celebrated for three days (two days on either side of the day itself). one of these festivals was called samhain (pronounced sha-von) and it took place on october 31 through to november 1. during this period, it was believed that the boundaries between our world and the world of the dead were weakened, allowing spirits of the recently dead to cross over and possess the living. in order to make themselves and their homes less inviting to these wayward spirits, the ancient celts（凱爾特人）would douse （插入水中, 把弄熄, 弄濕）all their fires. there was also a secondary purpose to this, after extinguishing all their fires, they would re-light them from a common source, the druidic fire that was kept burning at usinach, in the middle of ireland.
samhain was considered to be a gateway not only from the land of the dead to the land of the living, but also between summer and fall/winter. for the druids, this was the last gasp （喘息, 氣喘）of summer (it was also the celtic new year), so therefore they made sure it went out with a bang before they had to button down （把...弄清楚）for the winter ahead.
they would dress up in bizarre costumes and parade through their villages causing destruction in order to scare off any recently departed souls who might be prowling （巡游）for bodies to inhabit, in addition to burning animals and other offerings to the druidic deities（神, 神性）. it is also a popular belief that they would burn people who they believed to be possessed, but this has largely been debunked （揭穿, 拆穿假面具, 暴露）as myth.
this tradition was later brought to the north american continent by irish immigrants who were escaping the potato famine in their homeland. in addition to the festival itself, the immigrants brought several customs with them, including one of the symbols most commonly associated with halloween -- the jack 'o lantern.
according to irish folklore, there once lived a man named jack who was known for being a drunk and a prankster（頑皮的人, 愛開玩笑的人）. one night jack tricked the devil into climbing a tree, and quickly carved an image of a cross on the trunk, trapping the devil. jack then made him promise that, in exchange for letting him out of the tree, the devil would never tempt him to sin again. he reluctantly agreed, but was able to exact his revenge upon jack's death. because of his mischievous ways in life, jack was barred from entering heaven and because of his earlier trick, he was also barred from hell. so he was doomed to wander the earth until the end of time, with only a single ember（灰燼, 余燼） (carried in a hollowed out turnip.[植]蕪箐, 蕪箐甘藍) to warm him and light his way.     in ireland, they originally also used turnips for their "jack lanterns", but upon arriving in the new world, they discovered that pumpkins were abundant and easier to carve out.