Canada

教學目標

Teaching aims

了解和重點介紹加拿大的概況，因紐特人的歷史和現狀，如：加拿大的國土面積、人口、天氣情況、主要資源及生產情況等；學習主謂一致的語法規則，了解和掌握一些常見的主謂一致現象。
Teaching important and difficult points
1.Words
notice, settle, differently, deal, race, skin, tool, tap, eastern, official, settler, struggle, freeze average, natural, exploit, ordinary, refer, tent, basic
2.Phrases
generally speaking, all the year round, a great deal of, clear up, official language, refer to, settle in, be famous for, make use of, from time to time, struggle against, below freezing
3. Useful expressions
1. I thought you were from the States.
2. A lot of people can’t tell the difference between an American accent and a Canadian accent.
3. What do you mean by…？
4. American spellings are used more and more in Canadian now.
5. That sounds strange.

教學建議

課文建議
本單元涉及到加拿大的歷史和風土人情，教師應精心設計此課的活動，形式以分組討論，問答，圖片展示，經歷故事等。如：1）教師可展示加拿大的地圖，教師通過準備好的問題，讓學生知道它的地理位置及面積等。2）教師應給學生充分的時間閱讀，教師可讓學生從課文中找出典型的句子歸納加拿大的概況，并且進一步讓學生討論加拿大與中國的差異。3）教師為了提高學生的興趣，可提供給學生一些加拿大的風景、名勝的圖片和照片，相關的背景材料給學生們閱讀，如：加拿大的主要城市，民族，國歌，宗教，名勝，河流等。

寫作建議
本單元訓練學生寫中國和加拿大的區別，首次出現這樣的練習，老師要給學生一些必要的提示。提醒學生都包括哪些方面，應先說什么，后說什么。先口頭說出，再寫下來。老師可先給學生一些問題，讓學生回答，如學生回答對了，讓學生把這些答語寫出來，老師再指導學生將這些答語連成句子文章，比如：

教材分析
本單元在對話課中主要介紹了美國英語和加拿大英語的不同點：如發音、用法和拼寫等方面。課文用兩篇文章讓學生們簡單了解加拿大國家的概況及文化背景知識，在27課中教材用一些練習幫助學生們了解和掌握主謂一致的用法和運用。

教學重點難點

1.be famous for的講解

以……著名[其同義詞組為be (well)known for

Hangzhou is famous for its beautiful scenery. 杭州以優美的風景而聞名。

be famous for 與be famous as的區別

1)      當主語是表示人的名詞

be famous for表示“以某種知識技能、作品或特征而出名”

be famous as則表示“以某種身份而出名”

Einstein was famous for his Theory of Relativity. 愛因斯坦以他的相對論而出名。

Einstein was famous as a great scientist.愛因斯坦以一位偉大的科學家而著稱。

2) 當主語是地點名詞

be famous for表示“以某種特產而出名”

be famous as則表示“以什么樣的產地或地方聞名”

The area is famous for its green tea.這個地區以綠茶而出名。

The area is famous as a great tea-producing place.這個地區以綠茶產地而出名。

3)當主語是事物名詞

be famous for表示“以其內容、特征、價值等而被人所知”

be famous as則表示“以某種形式而出名”

This grammar book is famous for its practical usage.這本語法書以其實用性而為人所知。

This book is famous as a reference book.這是一本有用的參考書。

注意：be famous for后的介詞賓語是主語所屬內容，而be famous as后的介詞賓語與主語是同位成分。例如：

Einstein was famous as a great scientist. 可說成：Einstein was a great scientist.

2.kind, sort和type的區別

kind指性質相同，且有極相似之物質，在分類中可作為一類者。

What kind of cake do you like best?你最喜歡哪一種餅？

sort 可與kind互換使用，但較為含混，有時只表示大概此種而已。Sort有時有輕蔑的意味，相反kind 要莊重得多。

He makes friends with all sorts of people.他同各種各樣的人交朋友。

type則指型，類型，比較具體，肯定等，而kind比較籠統，模糊。

Men of his type are not to be trusted.像他那種類型的人不可信賴。

3.As in China, the weather is different from area to area. 同中國的情況一樣，加拿大的氣候也隨著地區的不同而不同。

本句相當于一個省略的方式狀語從句，相當于“As it is in China, …”。as用作連詞，后面接從句，意思是“正如；和……一樣”。例：

1）As is the last experiment，he got the same result this time.正如上次的實驗一樣，他這次獲得了同樣的結果。

2)As in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如你們國家的情況一樣，我們在北方種小麥，南方種玉米。

4.A lot of people can’t tell difference between an American accent and a Canadian accent. 很多人區別不了美國英語口音與加拿大英語口音。

tell the difference between 判別……的區別，tell在這里意為“判別，區分”再如：

The twin brothers arc very much alike. People can’t tell one from the other.孿生兄弟長得很相似，人們簡直沒法區分他們兩個人。

Young as he is, he can tell right from wrong.盡管他還年輕，但他能辨別對錯。

the difference between …指的是兩者之間的區別；the difference in…指的是在某些方面的區別。如：

What’s the difference in temperature between day and night? 白天和夜間的溫差是多大？

Coins have some differences in size, weight, shape and metal.硬幣的差別體現在其尺寸、重量、形狀和質地上。

5. We fill our cars with “gas”…,

fill…with…, “將……裝滿……”或“使……充滿……”，如：

Jack filled his pockets with chestnuts.杰克將口袋裝栗子。

fill with有“充滿……”之意，是不及物動詞，如：

Her eyes filled with tears. 他的兩眼充滿淚水。比較：

Tears filled her eyes淚水充滿了她的兩眼。

The room filled with heavy smoke.滿屋濃煙。比較：

The heavy smoke filled the room. 濃煙滿屋。

be filled with與be full of的區別：

be filled with為系表結構，如：

The young man is filled with joy. 那青年內心充滿喜悅。

full of是短語形容詞，含義與filled with相近，可充當狀語、定語（后置）或表語。如：

Crusoe stared at the footprint, full of fear.克魯索盯著那個腳印，滿懷恐懼。（狀語）

He received several baskets full of cards, letters and telegrams of congratulations.他收到了滿滿幾籃子表示祝賀的卡片、賀信和賀電。（定語）

As we returned to the home, everything I touched seemed to be full of life. …當我們回到家時，我所接觸的樣樣東西似乎都洋溢著生命。（表語）

6.Newspapers follow the American way.

follow vt.

l）“遵循”“按照……行事”。例如：

After the discussion, they decided that they should not follow Jim’s suggestion.經過討論，他們決定不按杰姆的建議做。

2）“弄懂”“聽懂”。例如：

I didn’t quite follow you. Would you please explain it again? 我沒有完全聽懂你的話.你再解釋一下好嗎？

3）“跟……之后走”。例如；

The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.老師走進教室，后面跟著一群學生.

4）“沿著……”，例如：

The railway follows the river for several miles.鐵路沿著河延伸了幾英里。

Follow the road until you come to the hotel.沿著這條路一直走到旅館。

5）“跟著……讀”，例如：

Now let’s read the text. Follow me please.現在我們朗讀課文。請跟我讀。

7. Today many of them live in special areas where they can continue their way of life.今天許多印第安人住在特定的區域里，在那兒他們可以繼續保留他們的生活方式。

l）continue為及物動詞，意為：“繼續”，其后面可跟名詞、動詞不定式、動名詞作賓語。例如：

We continued our climb.我們繼續爬山。

After that, he continued to devote himself to research work.此后，他繼續獻身于研究工作。

Though wounded, he continued fighting as if nothing had happened.他盡管負了傷，但他仍然繼續戰斗，好像什么也沒發生過似的。

2）continue有“延伸”的意思，相當于“go farther”

The desert continued as far as the eye could reach.沙漠一望無際。

3）continue有“持續”之意，常和last互換。

The story is to be continued in the next issue.這個故事在下期連載。

8.The government has started a new school project in which Inuit teach their own young children.政府已經開始實施一項新的辦學計劃，使因紐特人能教授自己的后代。

1.start vt.其后面可跟名詞、代詞、不定式和動名詞作賓語，并且意義各不相同：

1)開始

We have started a new experiment.我們已經開始了一項新的實驗。

2)開辦

He is collecting money to start a special school.他正在籌集資金開辦一所特別學校。

3)使……開始，使……發動

Because of the cold weather, we couldn’t start the car this morning.由于天氣寒冷，今天早上我們發動不了汽車

2.start vi.

1)表示“起程，開始旅行”

We started for London at 6 o’clock.我們六點鐘出發去倫敦。

2)表示“開始工作，開始起作用，開始運轉”

The bus won’t start.汽車發動不起來。

3.start后常加不定式或動名詞表示“開始做某事”，即start to do或start doing，一般情況下可以互換，但下列情形中，往往選擇其中之一。

1)當我們談論一項長期的習慣性的活動時，用動名詞,如：

How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你最初彈鋼琴的時候有多大？比較

She sat down at the piano and started to play/playing the piano.她在鋼琴前坐下開始彈了    起來。

2)在start本身為進行時態的時候，不使用動名詞。

I’m starting to cook the dinner.我正要開始煮飯。

3）以上用法也適合于用begin表“開始”。

注意：在一些習慣用法上，start和begin的搭配不同：

Come along, everybody. Let’s start work at once.

Come along, everybody. Let’s begin to work at once.

伙計們讓我們立即干起來吧

Today we start from page 15.

Today we begin at page 15.

今天我們從第 15頁開始。

9.So, it is hoped that the way of Inuit life will be kept alive for many mare centuries. 這樣，人們希望因紐特的人的生活方式保存更多的世紀。

l）It is hoed that…就相當于People hope that…“人們希望……”這樣一個句型，像這樣的句型還有：

It is said that…“據說，人們說”

It is reported that…“據報道，有報道說”

It is announced that…“據公布，據報道”

It is suggested that…“據建議，有人建議”例如：

It is said that he is writing a new novel. Or: People say that he is writing a new novel.據說他正在寫一部新小說。

It is reported that a fire broke out in that village.據報道那個村莊發生了一場火災。

It is suggested that the sports meet should be put off to next Friday.有人建議把運動會改在下星期五開。

2）keep…alive使……活著，使……繼續保持下去。keep為使動詞，意為“使……怎么樣”后面可跟形容詞、分詞及介詞短語作賓語補足語，如：

I’m sorry to keep you standing like that.對不起，讓你就這么站著。

Please keep the door open.請不要關門。

Keep him away from the wet paint.不要讓他靠近未干的油漆。

3）alive adj.常作表語或后置定語，意思是“活著的，存在的，在世上的”，如：

They are the happiest children alive.他們是當代最幸福的孩子們。

An enemy officer was caught alive.一名敵軍官被活捉。

After that war, all his fellows died, and only he was alive.那場戰爭后，他的同伴都死了，惟獨他還活著。

10.settle v.����

1)定居，安家落戶

After years of travel, we decided to settle here.��

He settled in the country after his retirement.��

2)在某處停歇或停留一時

The bird settled on a branch.��

Clouds have settled over the mountain tops.��

3)使……平靜，鎮靜，放松��

Wait until all the excitement has settled.��

He had been quite anxious, but I managed to settle his mind.��

4)解決，處理，安排好��

Nothing is settled yet.��

We've settled that we will leave next week.��

11.refer v.��

1)提到，說到，涉及到

When I said some people were stupid, I wasn't referring to you.��

Don't refer to this matter again, please.��

2)與……有關，關系到……��

What I have to say refers to all of you.��

3)查詢，查找��

If you don't know what this means, please refer to a dictionary.��

I referred to my watch for the exact time.��

12.freeze v.����

1)結冰，凝固��

Water freezes at 0℃.��

The government decided to freeze prices for six months.

2)指天氣，冷得使水結成冰，嚴寒��

Don't go out in such freezing weather.��

It may freeze tonight, so make sure the plants are covered.��

3)能冷凍儲藏，冷藏��

Some fruits don't freeze well at all.��

He bought a packet of frozen peas for the girl.��

13.struggle against與struggle for

struggle against 和……斗爭，相當于fight against。

struggle for 為……而斗爭， 相當于fight for。

1）The revolutionaries struggle________ the freedom of all people.��

A. for   B. with�� C. against   D. to

答案：A��

2）They struggled________ the strong wind and finally reached the village.��

A. for    B. with��  C. against     D .to

答案：C

語法---主謂一致

1.主語在形式上是復數, 而謂語動詞則用單數。

1) 表時間、重量、長度、距離等的名詞, 盡管是復數形式, 但通常看作一個整體, 謂語動詞用單數。

Two hours is not enough for the work.兩小時對于這工作是不夠的。

2) 以-ics 結尾表示學科名稱的名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數。

Mathematics is my favourite subject.數學是我最喜歡的科目。

3) 書名、國名、組織機構等專有名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用單數。

The United Nations was founded in 1945.聯合國成立于1945年。

4) 有些用來表示由兩個相同部分連成一體的復數名詞, 如shoes, trousers等作主語時, 若前面有“一雙”、“一條”之類的詞時, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用復數。

A pair of shoes is under the bed.床下有一雙鞋。

My trousers are worn out.我的褲子穿破了。

2.主語在形式上是單數, 而謂語動詞則用復數。

1) 有些集體名詞, 如 police, people, cattle, 等, 形式上是單數, 但謂語動詞要用復數。

Traffic police are always very busy.交警總是很忙。

2) 有些形容詞加上“the”, 表示一類人, 此時謂語動詞要用復數。

The old are taken good care of in our country.在我們國家老人需要好好照顧。

3.謂語動詞的單復數取決于主語的內涵.有些集體名詞, 如family, class, group, team 等作主語 時, 若作為一個整體, 謂語用單數, 若強調具體成員時, 謂語動詞用復數。

My family isn't very large.我的家不太大。

My family are watching TV now.我的家人現在看電視。

4.用不定代詞作主語, 應注意：

1) both 作主語, 謂語用復數。

Both of them were at home yesterday.他們倆昨天都在家。

2) either和neither作主語, 謂語通常用單數。

Has either of them told you about it? 有關此事, 他們中有人告訴過你嗎？

3) each 以及 any, some, no, every 構成的復合代詞作主語, 謂語動詞用單數。

Is everybody here? 大家都到了嗎？

Each of us has something to say.我們每個人都有話要說。

4) none 作主語, 既可用作單數, 也可用作復數, 但若none代替不可數的東西時, 謂語動詞常用單數。

None of the telephones is/are work.沒有一部電話能打。

None of the water is fit to drink.沒有一點水可供飲用。

5) all 和some 作主語, 應根據其所代表的名詞來決定其單復數。

All has been explained.全部內容都作了解釋。

All were very excited.所有的人都非常興奮。

5.在使用并列主語時, 應注意：

1) 由“both…and…”連接的主語, 謂語動詞用復數。

Both the boy and the girl are good at English.男孩和女孩都擅長英語。

2) 由 or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…連接的主語, 謂語的單復數與鄰近的主語保持一致.

Either you or he is wrong.或者你或者他是錯的。

6.There be句型中, 謂語的單復數也是要與其鄰近的主語保持一致。

There is a book and two pens on the desk.在桌子上有一本書和兩支鉛筆。

主謂一致練習

1. When the accident happened, the policeman and driver ______ parking the police car.

A. is    B. was    C. are     D. were

2. A number of scientists ______ that the number of wild animals ______ getting smaller and smaller.

A. say; are   B. say; is     C. say; have been   D. say; were

3. Every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who ______ to visit the museum______ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.

A. are; are     B. is; is      C. are; is     D. is; are

4. One or two days ______ quite enough to finish the work. ______ you or Jim going to work with me?

A. is; Is      B. are; Is      C. are; Are     D. is; Are

5. E-mail, as well as telephones, ______ an important part in daily communication.

A. is playing      B. have played      C. are playing       D. play

6. ______ of the forest ______ pine trees, which _______ at least three or four metres in height.

A. Two third; are; are   B. Two thirds; is; is  C. Two third; is; are   D. Two thirds; are; are

7. The following ______ some other examples with Chinese explanations.

A. are    B. is    C. was     D. were

8. The Garth family, which ______ rather a large one ______ very fond of their old house.

A. were; were   B. was; were   C. were; was     D. was; was

答案：1. was（主語指同一個人.）  2. B  3. C（定語從句修飾teachers，因此從句中謂語用復數形式。） 4. D  5. A  6. D 7. A（此句用了倒裝結構，主語為some other examples.） 8. B

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