Module 4 Carnival（ Reading—The Magic of the Mask）

wearing masks turned __6___ to be problem. their use was __7___ by laws. but in the late 1970s the ___8__ was revived by students. they began making __9___ and organising parties. today, carnival in venice is __10___ for five days in february. at the __11___ you see thousands of masks -- elegant or frightening, __12___ or amusing, traditional or modern—but you have no __13___ what the faces behind them look like. (keys: 1. with 2.latin 3.people 4.weeks 5.masks6.out7.limited 8. tradition 9. masks 10.celebrated 11. carnival 12.sad 13. idea)study the notes to the difficult sentences:1.      in europe，where it began，carnival was followed by forty days without meat, as people prepared for the christian festival of easter. 在狂歡節起源的歐洲，狂歡節過后四十天都不吃肉，因為人們在準備基督徒的復活節活動。where引導的是非限制性地點定語從句，as 引導的原因狀語從句。關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用。例如：there are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。beijing is the place where（in which） i was born. 北京是我的出生地。is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 2.      as time passed, however, the carnival period was extended, so that it began just after christmas. 隨著時間推移，狂歡節的時間延續了，這樣在圣誕節過后它就開始了。so that 既可引導結果從句也可引導目的從句，但結果從句表示事實，通常不含情態動詞；目的從句表示希望或想要實現的事實，通常含有情態動詞，如：he got up early so that he caught the train.（結果）he got up early so that he could (might) catch the train.（目的）3.      many crimes went unpunished.許多罪行沒有受到懲罰。在主語是物的句子里，有些動詞和主動形式可以表示被動意義。如：sell, read, feel, write, ,wash, open, cook, keep, cut, feel, blow, measure, lick, run, begin,, start, shut等。4.      their use was limited by laws, the first of which dates back to the fourteenth century. 面具的使用受到法律的限制，最初的法律可以追溯到十四世紀。"介詞+關系代詞"引導的定語從句常見的有以下幾種結構: 一,"介詞+關系代詞".例如:the old olympic games from which the modern games came began around the year 776bc in greece.古代奧運會于公元前776年始于希臘,現代奧運會就起源于那里. 二, "名詞+介詞+關系代詞". 這種結構�？商鎿Q為"whose +名詞"結構.例如:we are going to build a railway the base of which must be completed within this year. (= we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed this year.)我們要修建一條鐵路,這條鐵路的路基必須在今年內完成. 三,"數字+ 介詞+ 關系代詞".例如: last sunday i bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were english novels.上個星期天,我從書店買回幾本書,其中三本是英文小說. 四,"代詞+介詞+關系代詞".例如: the old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors.那位老人有兩個女兒,她們都是大夫. 五,"形容詞最高級+介詞+關系代詞".例如: china has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Chinese Taiwan.中國有成千上萬的島嶼,其中最大的是中國臺灣島. 六,"介詞+關系代詞+名詞".例如: i called him by the wrong name, for which mistake i apologized.我叫錯了他的名字,為此我向他表示了歉意. "介詞+關系代詞"引導的定語從句還應注意以下問題: 1. "介詞+關系代詞"結構中的關系代詞不能用that. 2. 含有介詞的動詞短語不能拆開,即不能轉化成"介詞+關系代詞"結構,介詞仍放在動詞的后面.例如: the babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.保育員們照看的那些孩子們很健康.(不可說" … after whom the nurses are looking") 3.介詞+關系代詞"后接不定式短語作后置定語,相當于一個定語從句.例如: he has a knife with which to defend himself. (=he has a knife with which he can defend himself) 他有一把用于自衛的刀子. 4.from where有時也可以用來引導定語從句.例如: his head soon appeared out of one of the second storey window, from where he could see nothing but trees.不一會兒,他從二樓的一扇窗戶里探出頭來,除了樹木之外,什么也看不到.…but you have no idea what the faces behind them look like. 但是你不知道面具后面的人長的什么樣。