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(have students analyze the sample sentences. give them some time to discuss the sentences in pairs first and then check the answers.)
     ss: …
     suggested answers:
ü        direct speech is to report what exactly has been said while indirect speech is to report the meaning of what has been said without using exact words.
ü        we can do it by changing what has been said to an object clause or an infinitive phrases.
(make sure they understand what direct and indirect speech is. help the students to grasp the meanings of the sample sentences. explain them to the students if necessary.)
     t: very good! then
ø        when you change direct speech into indirect speech, what else should you make changes to besides the major changes in sentence structure?
ss: …
t: now please go through the group 3 carefully, especially the tables. you can exchange your ideas with your classmates around you and think about the above question carefully.)
     ss: other changes in:
²       personal pronouns
²       tenses
²       adverbials of time and place
²       other cases
     t: good! next please consider how to change the following sentence in direct speech into reported speech.
ø      ‘light travels at a great speed,’ said the teacher.
     ss: the teacher said that light travels at a great speed.
       (it doesn’t matter whether they are able to give correct answer. this is just to help them to realize something different when changing direct speech into indirect speech.)
t: so you can see we made no changes to the sentence in direct speech. dou you know why? please look at the tip on the left and recall what you have learnt before and them tell me the reason.
     ss: …
     tips:
       we do not change the tense when we report a proverb or a fact that doesn’t change over time.
     t: terrific! and i can show you more examples as follows:
²       my teacher told me that practice makes perfect.
²       the teacher said that light travels faster than sound.