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英語教案-In the library

英語教案-In the library

教學目標 


1.學習現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系和對時間狀語的要求,以及現(xiàn)在完成時 的陳述句形式和疑問句形式及其簡略答語是本單元的教學重點。要求學生能初步運用現(xiàn)在完 成時態(tài)談論一些過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,掌握過去分詞的構(gòu)成。
2.能夠熟練運用本單元有關(guān)“借物、尋物”的交際用語,正確運用Have you got…? 和Do you have…?及其簡略答語。
3.掌握本單元的單詞和短語,特別是used to,pay for,think of等用法。
4.利用閱讀課文來培養(yǎng)學生的閱讀理解能力和根據(jù)上下文判斷生詞詞義的能力,并逐 步提高對學生閱讀速度的要求。
5.要求學生能用自己組織的語言,對課文故事予以簡述。

教學建議

單元內(nèi)容分析

本單元主要教學現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),圍繞“The lost book”開展教學活動。學習了有關(guān)“借物和尋物”的交際用語以及到圖書館借閱圖書及相關(guān)事項,著重使用了“Have you got…”這種句式,通過對話,教學了現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的用法和構(gòu)成,重點分析過去某個動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。學習了過去分詞的構(gòu)成和動詞加一ed后的讀音,if引導的從句中時態(tài)的使用,同時還學習了一些同義詞、近義詞的用法與區(qū)別。

ago 與before                                                          

ago與before 是兩個表示“以前”的概念的單詞。在用法上,它們的區(qū)別是較大的。

1)ago和一般過去時的動詞連用,表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在以前的過去時間,它不能用于完成時態(tài),例如:

Your friend was here a week ago, wasnt he? Of course he was.

before可以和完成時態(tài)連用,也常常與never連用,表示在早先或過去的某時間的“以前”。

例如:

I never met him before. Hes new to me.

下面以three years ago和three years before為例來進行比較。three years ago用于過去時態(tài),

表示從今天算起的“三年以前”;而three year before用于過去完成時態(tài),表示從三年以前算

起的過去。試看下面的比較:

A. I met him three years ago. Weve been friends for 3 years.

B. I had met him three years before. I met you in 1992.

句A表示:“(從今天算起)三年前我遇見過他。”句B表示:“(從三年前追溯起)三年前我遇見過他一次。”

2) 另外before與ago單純在形式上的區(qū)別是before可以單獨使用,ago必須與別的表示時間的詞連用。例如:

I have read it before. It is a very good novel.

I read it 3 years ago. But I cant remember everything about it.

例  Have you found the book? Yes, I _____it five minutes_______.

A. have found, before      B. found, before

C. has found, ago          D. found, ago

解析 ago表示從現(xiàn)在算起的多少時間以前,用于一般過去式的句子中,before則表示從過去看的某時間以前或泛指以前,常見于完成時態(tài)。從本句的答語“我5分鐘前找到的”中,可以判斷是從現(xiàn)在算起的五分鐘前,故選D。

full與fill

(1)fill v.把……填滿,常與with連用。如:

Please fill the bags with rice. Weve got to take them to the poor family in the village.

fill也可以表示狀態(tài)。相當與 be filled with。如:

Smoke filled the room. =The room was filled with smoke.房間里濃煙彌漫。

(2)fill in填入、填寫、塞滿,如:

–Please fill in your telephone number and your name.

–OK, But may I borrow your pen?

–What shall I do if I want to find a job here?

–Fill in the application form.

(3)full adj. 滿的,充滿的。其結(jié)構(gòu)是be full of=be filled with,如:

The basket is full of apples. =The basket is filled with apples.Enough for all of us.

The bag full of books is mine. Please carry it for me, Its too heavy.

lose與 miss

1)兩者都表示“丟失”。lose的語氣較強,含有丟失后不易找到;miss含有“發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失”之意。在很多情況下兩者可換用。例如:

You said you have lost your watch. When did you miss it? 你說把手表丟了,你什么時候丟的?

2)lose通常用過去分詞(lost)作定語或表語;而miss則用其ing形式(missing)作表語或定語。例如:

Is there anything missing (Is there anything lost) ?

Nothing, so far as I know.

on與about

二者都是介詞,意為“關(guān)于,論及”等,一般情況下,二者可以互相替換,但二者有點區(qū)別:about常用于簡單的或淺顯的論述等,是一般用語,多用于講故事,談話;思考等;on多用于系統(tǒng)論述或?qū)n}講演、論著等,具有學術(shù)性,如:

The teacher told us a story about Lei Feng. Its very moving.

He will give us a talk on the history of the Party.他將給我們做個關(guān)于黨史的報告。

正誤例析

今天下午我們將聽一個關(guān)于非洲歷史的演講。

誤:Were going to listen to a lecture about African history his afternoon.

正:Were going to listen to a lecture on African history this afternoon.

析:介詞about和on都可以作“關(guān)于”解。on表示一本書、文章或演講是嚴肅的、學術(shù)性的,可供專門研究這一問題的人們參考;about則表示其內(nèi)容比較通俗,一般人都可閱讀。

the lost books 丟失的書。

The book was still missing.書還是找不到。

lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗;the giving name教名,名;a surprised girl一位感到吃驚的女孩。

come up with

come up with=find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:

I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。

We shall have to work hard to come up with them. 我們要努力工作,趕上他們。

類似的詞組有:

catch up with  come in for pay for

pay for意為“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:

How much did you pay for that book?那本書你付了多少錢?

Ill pay you five yuan for it.我將為此給你五元錢。

Im afraid cant pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能為此給你任何報酬。

She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她以前是一位語文老師。

used to意為“過去經(jīng)常”,它只有過去式,用于各種人稱的單、復數(shù),表示過去存在的,

但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止的情況或習慣,后接動詞原形。例如:

They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經(jīng)常步行來,現(xiàn)在不了。他們經(jīng)常乘車來。

used to是表示過去經(jīng)常重復的動作。在表示過去的習慣時,used to是比較規(guī)則的習慣,它與would不太一樣,would側(cè)重于敘述過去的光景,used to側(cè)重于和現(xiàn)在相對照。

used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構(gòu)成。美國人多用助動詞  did;英國人多用used to本身。如:

–Did you use to go there?

–Yes, very often./No, only seldom.

I used not to like Beijing opera, but now I’m very fond of it.我過去不喜歡京戲,但現(xiàn)在非常喜歡。
他過去不常抽煙。

注意區(qū)分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣于……”,后跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:

I’m not used to drinking.我不習慣喝酒。

She is used to running in the morning.她習慣早上跑步。

have got

I think Ive got one.我想我有一個。

英語中表示“所有”用have,口語中常用 have got,其否定形式為havent got,疑問形式為Have…got…?在美國英語中常使用dont have,Do… have…?例如:

Ive got a book about chemistry. =I have a book about chemistry.我有一本化學書。

He hasnt got an umbrella. =He doesnt have an umbrella. 他沒有雨傘。

–Have you got a pencil sharpener? =Do you have a pencil sharpener?

–Yes, here you are.

Have you got …?句型教學建議

利用初一學過的表示“擁有”的交際用語引出“have got”句型,講解可先不講解它的時態(tài):現(xiàn)在完成時。

1.教師先和一個學生進行下面的對話。

T: Excuse me, Do you have a dictionary?

S: Yes, I do.

T: May I borrow them, please?

S: Certainly. Here you are.

T: Thank you.

教師接過dictionary后,說:

I have a dictionary

I have got a dictionary

并在黑板上板書:have got … ,然后讓學生反復跟讀。然后告訴學生這就是我們今天所要學的新句型:This is another way of saying “Do you have …?”

2.教師可逐一取出一些畫片,邊取邊對學生說:I have got a …或拿出一些實物進行上面的句型練習。(a cup, a pen, a ruler, an eraser, a book等。)

關(guān)于課文The Lost Books教學建議

1.在教學本課的課文The Lost Books之前,先就本課Part 1的兩個問題讓學生進行回答,并寫一段短文關(guān)于自己如何愛書,以及從圖書館借書的經(jīng)歷,然后讓學生作演講。如:

I like reading very much, because I’ve learned a lot from the book I read. I’ve bought many books and has got a small library of zoo interesting books. They are about many different subjects such as foreign languages, maths, history, geography and interesting stories. But my own library is still too small to meet my needs. I often borrow books from the school library. It has a great number of books. Many of them are very interesting. I’ve read so many interesting books in the school reading room. I’m a careful boy/girl. I never lose any library book. But some of my classmates do. When they are in such a trouble, I help them. I sometimes help them to buy new books. I even pick out the best books from my book shelves and give them to my friend in trouble. I believe a friend in need is a friend indeed.

2.讓學生默讀課文,回答練習冊第2課練習1的8個問題。

3.把課文The Lost Books改成對話,由兩個學生分別扮演grandma和 librarian,表演一遍,然后讓學生輪換角色,以便更多的學生參加演出。實現(xiàn)學生自編——自導——自演——語言探究活動的過程。

參考范文部分:

Librarian: Mrs. Li, I’ve heard the bad news. You’ve lost more books.

Grandma: Yes, I’ve already lost 5 more books. I’m afraid I’ll have to pay for all the six lost books.

Librarian: Never mind. I think someday you will find them. What about putting a bookmark in each of the borrowed books. Just leave a message on the bookmark. It may help a lot.

Grandma: What do you think I should write on the bookmark?

Librarian: Something like this: If you find this book, please return it to the school library. Then you can get a nice present from the librarian. I’m an old woman. But one is never too old to learn. I do hope you’ll help me to be a good reader of the school library books. Thank you very much from the bottom of my heart.

4.讓學生閱讀英語泛讀Unit 1 的閱讀材料:Library Services,回答文后的五個問題。

5.讓學生在課后猜想管理員想出了什么辦法,同時也讓學生想其他的辦法為Grandma找回丟失的書。

6.在教學這個故事的結(jié)尾部分前,先引導學生想想該如何幫助Grandma找回丟失的書,同時也猜想管理員想了什么方法為Grandma找回丟失的書。另外也可替管理員想些好辦法來鼓勵同學們歸還書。

讓學生帶著下面的問題閱讀這個故事的結(jié)尾部分:

1. Why did they get books back so quickly?

2. If you lost the book, how would you get it back?

現(xiàn)在完成時

一、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成

1.現(xiàn)在完成時的基本句式是have/has+過去分詞。例如:

I have seen that film.我看過那部電影。

We have just finished our homework.我們剛剛做完家庭作業(yè) 。

She has gone home.她回家去了。

注意:該句式中的have或has是助動詞,has用于第三人稱單數(shù),其他人稱一律用have。該句式中have/has和過去分詞之間可插入just,譯成漢語時,往往用“已經(jīng)”、“剛剛”、“過”或“了”等這類詞。

2.現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句式是把助動詞have或has提到主語之前。例如:

Have you read this book yet?你讀過這本書嗎?

Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃了那個蘋果了嗎?

注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句往往在句末加yet。把現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句譯成漢語時,往往表示“……過嗎?”“還沒有……嗎?”等。其肯定回答用Yes,主語+ have/has。否定回答用No,主語+haven’t/hasn’t.有時用 No,not yet.或 No,never.

3.現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句式是have/has not +過去分詞。例如:

We haven’t studied Book III yet.我們還沒有學過第三冊課本。

The car hasn’t stopped yet.汽車還沒有停下來。

注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句往往也在句末加yet;譯成漢語時表示“還沒有……”之意。

二、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法

表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
例如:

Have you read that story?你讀過那個故事嗎?

(“讀”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的影響為:是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。)

I have bough two apples.我買了兩個蘋果。

(“買”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是:擁有兩個蘋果。)

學習這一概念的同時,還應注意與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用的幾個副詞:already;just,yet,  ever,never等。already,just多用于肯定句,yet,ever,never多用于疑問句和否定句中。如:

I have already finished my homework.我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè) 。

He has just had his meal. 他剛吃過飯。

Have you ever heard this song?你曾聽過這首歌嗎?

They haven’t left yet.他們還沒動身。

We have never seen so beautiful flowers.我們從來沒有見過這么漂亮的花。

語法教學:現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)

1.學習動詞過去式與過去分詞

動詞的原形,過去式和過去分詞的詞形變化即為動詞的變化。絕大多數(shù)的動詞是規(guī)則動詞,是在原形的字尾加ed構(gòu)成其過去式和過去分詞;部分動詞是不規(guī)則動詞,它們不是依照加ed的規(guī)則變化的。

2.教學現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)。

教師邊打開門,邊說:I’m opening the door. 門開后,教師問學生:

Is the door open? 學生回答說:Yes. It is. 教師接著說:

I have opened the door already.

向?qū)W生解釋,open the door的動作在過去發(fā)生,現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果是the door is open. 要表述過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響就要用現(xiàn)在完成時。結(jié)果讓學生體會這句話的意思,然后板書:用彩色粉筆寫出have opened.

Teacher asks a student to clean the blackboard.

該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:

She is cleaning the blackboard.

當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看著擦干凈的黑板,啟發(fā)大家說出:

Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.

將句子寫在黑板上,讓學生自己總結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)。教師最后把“助動詞have / has +過去分詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)寫在黑板上。

3.口頭訓練在學生對部分動詞的過去分詞和現(xiàn)在完成時的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有了認識之后,教師可以進而指導學生做一些口頭訓練。開始時可用圖片或適當?shù)那榫耙鲆恍┚渥印H纾?P> 用一個畫有蛋糕的圖片,加上旁白:“Yum, Yum, good!”引出句子:I have eaten the cake.
 

畫一個女孩兒,加上旁白:“She is here.”引出句子:She has come.

 

還可以補上一些句子:

She has given the key to her mother.她把鑰匙給了母親。(鑰匙不在她這里。)

He has read a book about science .他讀過一本科學讀物。(他對科學書籍有所接觸。)

這樣做可以讓學生對現(xiàn)在完成時有所領(lǐng)悟,即現(xiàn)在完成時不是單純表示一個過去的動作。而是表示此動作對現(xiàn)在的某種影響。教師最后可將這些句子用操練的形式讓學生改為否定式,疑問句并加以回答。

4.進行比較教學。

把現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時進行比較,由于它們都表達一個過去的概念,學生容易混淆它們之間的用法。

現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的動作都發(fā)生在過去,但現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的對間觀念是比較模糊的,籠統(tǒng)的,它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用,而一般過去時所表示的時間是比較具體的,確切的,它必須和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:

We went to the park last week. (一般過去時)

I haven’t read this book before. (現(xiàn)在完成時)

Lesson 1 Part 2  In the school library教學建議

1.教師先放錄音,讓學生跟著重復,然后讓學生猜測這個對話發(fā)生在什么地方。

2.讓學生根據(jù)對話的內(nèi)容,猜測“several”和“shelf”的含義。

3.條件較好,有圖書室的學校,可以讓學生到圖書室進行借書表演。同時可以把這個對話

加工擴展:

A: Excuse me, have you got any books about …?

B: Yes, weve got several. Theyre on that shelf

A: May I borrow the book … , please?

B: OK. Here you are. But you must give it back on time.

A: OK. Thank you very much.

4.讓學生兩個一組進行對話表演。

Lesson 1 Part 3 的教學建議

1.先讓學生分組進行對話表演。

2.然后要求學生將對話內(nèi)容改為短文:

Dialogue 1

Jim cant find his history book. He asks Bob: Have you seen my history book anywhere? Bob doesnt think so. He tells Jim to look at the book on the desk. He thinks maybe its Jims history book.

Dialogue 2

Tom has lost his dictionary. He asks Lucy about it. but Lucy hasnt seen it. She tells Tom to ask Jim about his lost dictionary. Jim says Yes to him. He saw it on Lin Taos desk five minutes ago.

He thinks it is still there.

Lesson 4 Part 4的教學建議

首先教師可以仿照課文制作類似的卡片,然后講解卡片表達的信息。條件好的學校,可以到圖書館找出類似的查書卡,也可以讓學生到市或鎮(zhèn)等各圖書館調(diào)查圖書館如何給圖書分類,如何寫借書卡,然后寫出一個調(diào)查報告,包括以下幾個內(nèi)容:

1.How many parts are there in a library?

2.How are the books classified?

3.What kinds of books do the readers like? Different people like different kinds of books?

4. What kinds of borrower’s cards are there?

5. What information can a borrower’s card give us? What kinds of knowledge can the reader get from the card?

6.How can the reader find the book she wants? How do the cards make it convenient for the reader to borrow their books?

7.How to cherish books? 

8.The rules for a library. (可參照練習冊Lesson 4 Exercise 6)

要求用英文寫,文字簡明扼要。

教師讓學生來看看書上兩張借書卡片,然后讓學生說說從這兩張卡片中可以了解到一本書的大概信息:

第一張:

從這張借書卡上我們可以知道:《簡愛》;作者是夏洛蒂·勃朗特,她出生于1816年,死于1855年;本書于1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共237頁。

書名:《簡愛》

作者:夏洛蒂·勃朗特(1816-1855)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共237頁

第二張:

這本書是《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》;作者是查爾斯·狄更斯,他出生于1812年,死于1870年;本書于1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共215頁。

書名:《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》

作者:查爾斯· 狄更斯(1812-1870)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共215頁

讓學生講講書上所給的計算機屏幕上的文字顯示的相關(guān)信息:

作者:瑪可麗特·米切爾

書名:《飄》

出版商:麥克米倫公司

描述:發(fā)生在古老的美國南部的愛情史詩

內(nèi)容:美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn),奴隸制,社會風俗

教學設計方案
Lesson one


一、教學內(nèi)容
1.詞匯(略)。
2.句型:1)Have you got…? 2) Have you found…yet? 3) I’m so glad.
3.語法:初步學習現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。
二、教具
錄音機;一些學習、日常用具,如筆、字典、手表等。
三、課堂教學設計
1.復習 值日生報告。
2.教師可采用以下方法導出現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài):
教師走到教室門前,做開門動作。邊開門邊問學生:
T:What am I doing?
Ss:You are opening the door.
打開門后,教師走回講臺,手指開著的門,反復說:
T:I have opened the door. Please look at the door. It is open now.
板書這個句子,用彩色粉筆寫出助動詞have和動詞opened。
Teacher asks a students to clean the blackboard.
該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:
She is cleaning the blackboard.
當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看著擦干凈的黑板,啟發(fā)大家說出:
Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.
3.板書剛才的主要句式。向?qū)W生介紹現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)這個術(shù)語,要求學生觀察其構(gòu)成,扼要說明這個時態(tài)表示過去的行為對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果這一用法。
4.利用黑板上的句式,扼要介紹現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成和動詞過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法。
5.打開書,學生閱讀課文第 3部分,教師布置兩個讀前提問(Pre-reading questions):
l)Where is the history book? 2)Where is the dictionary?
兩分鐘后,請學生回答。聽錄音,學生跟讀兩遍。
6.請一位同學到教室外站一會兒。讓別的同學將他/她的英語書或尺子等物藏起來。請回這位同學。待他/她剛進教室,尚未走到座位之前時,教師提問:
T:Have you got an English book (or: a ruler)?
:Yes, I have.
T:Can I borrow it, please?
:Certainly.(走回自己座位,才發(fā)現(xiàn)東西不見了。教師要求該同學用剛剛學過的語言知識來表達)
Oh, I’ve lost my English book (Or; ruler).(問旁邊的同學)Have you seen it anywhere? 如效果較好,可請幾位同學反復表演。
7.指導學生做練習冊習題。
8.布置作業(yè) 
1)練習朗讀本課對話,抄寫生詞;2)完成練習冊習題。
四、難點講解
Have you got a pencil? 你有鉛筆嗎?
在口語和非正式文體中,have got可以用來代替have。
在美國英語中,經(jīng)常使用have或has;而在英國英語中則用have got或has got表示“有”。例如:
She has blue eyes.(美國英語;=She’s got blue eyes.)她長著藍眼睛。
Do you have a brother?(美國英語;=Have you got a brother?)你有兄弟嗎?

教學設計方案
Lesson 2


教學目的:
1.進一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時的運用。
2.學習課文The lost Books. 養(yǎng)成愛學習,愛惜書的好習慣。
3.掌握重點短語和句型。
used to pay for come up with the borrowed book
Her hobby is to read.
教具 錄音機,小黑板(寫有不規(guī)則動詞若干)。
教學過程 
Step 1 Revision
1. Revise Have got …?
T: Have you got a ruler?
S: Yes. I have.
T: Can I borrow it.
S: Certainly. Here you are.
T: Thanks.
2. Revise the Present Perfect Tense
教師先說出幾個句子,然后讓學生接著再說一句,表明上句的結(jié)果。如:
T: I have returned the book to the library. S: Now I can borrow a new one.
T: She has finished her homework. S: She can have a rest (go out and play).
T: He has bought a new car. S: He can drive a new car now.
T: We have seen the new film. S: It’s about a small white cat. It’s very interesting.
T: They have lost the dog. S: They have put the dog’s photo in the newspaper. They want to find it.
讓學生來總結(jié)出其構(gòu)成:have + v. ed
出示小黑板,要求學生將上面列出的不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞形式寫出。
Step 2 Presentation
1.利用已學過的對話引出有關(guān)借書的話題。
T: Have you got the book……?
S: Yes. I have.
T: Can I borrow it?
S: Certainly. Here you are.
然后教師問學生:Do you often borrow books? Where can we borrow books from? 引出Library話題。
2.讓學生談談自己借書的經(jīng)歷,丟失了書該怎么辦。
3.讓學生默讀一遍課文(五分鐘左右),并用鉛筆劃出課文中的生詞,鼓勵學生根據(jù)上下文來判斷這些詞的意思。然后回答下列幾個問題:
1. What did my grandma do when she was young?
2. What does she like?
3. Do you like reading? Do you often borrow books from the school library?
4. Did my grandma lose the library books last week? What book?
5. What idea did the library think of?
6. What other good idea do you have to get the lost books back?
教師對學生標出的新單詞進行講解,并對文章中新出現(xiàn)的重點詞匯和短語。
1)used to
意為“過去經(jīng)常”,它只有過去式,用于各種人稱的單、復數(shù),表示過去存在的,
但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止的情況或習慣,后接動詞原形。例如:
They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經(jīng)常步行來,現(xiàn)在不了。他們經(jīng)常乘車來。
used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構(gòu)成。美國人多用助動詞 did;英國人多用used to本身。如:
他過去不常抽煙。


注意區(qū)分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣于……”,后跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:
I’m not used to drinking. 我不習慣喝酒。
She is used to running in the morning. She is a very fast runner.
2)Her hobby is to read. 她的業(yè)余愛好是讀書。
to read 是一個動詞不定式,在句中用作表語。如:
Her wish is to be a singer. 她的愿望是成為一個歌手。She sings a lot every day.
3)pay for意為“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:
How much did you pay for that book?20 yuan
I’ll pay you five yuan for it.我將為此給你五元錢。
I’m afraid I can’t pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能為此給你任何報酬。
4)come up with=find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:
I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。
5)the lost books lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗。
4.放錄音,讓學生先聽,然后跟讀。
5.學生熟悉課文后,學生回答練習冊 Ex 1.的問題。
Step 3 Practice
1.Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 1. in class.
2.讓學生根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容改編成一短劇。并分角色表演。(見教學建議:表演:The Lost Book)
Step 4 Summary
1.總結(jié)本課的重點短語的用法:used to put down pay for come up with think of
2.簡要敘述課文內(nèi)容。
Step 5 Homework
1.Retell the story: the lost book.
2. Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 2、3

探究活動

Activity about books
Teacher asks students to look for some famous books in the library, such as: Oliver Twist, the
Red and the Black, the Tales of Two City and so on. Finish these items:
First, teacher asks the students to give a talk about how to find the book and some
information about the book he looked for.
Second, ask the students to write a borrowers card about the book.

Make an investigation report
Ask students to interview one of your school librarians. Fill in the form on page 4 in
students book. Then make a report with the help of the form.

英語短文描述
簡單介紹自己學校圖書館,以及自己如何愛惜書
或以Book is my friend(必須談談書對你學習的幫助。)為題寫一篇短文。

表演
教師可以讓學生仿照課文The Lost Book寫一個劇本,讓四個學生來表演,分別扮演:Miss Yang, a boy, Han Meimei, Lucy。參考對話如下:
(Miss Yang is working at her desk in the library. A boy comes into the library.)
Boy: Excuse me, have you got any books about the moon and the stars?
Miss Yang: Yes, they’re on that shelf over there.
(Now Han Meimei comes in)
Han Meimei: Excuse me, Miss Yang, I’m very sorry. I borrowed a book from the library two weeks ago. But I can’t find it. I think I’ve lost it.
Miss Yang: Are you sure you’ve lost it?
Han Meimei: Yes, I’ve looked for it everywhere. I’ve looked round the whole school. I can’t find it anywhere.
Miss Yang: What was the name of the book?
Han Meimei: Red Star over China.
Miss Yang: What a pity! I’m afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it.
(At the moment Lucy comes into the library)
Lucy: Excuse me, Miss Yang. I’ve just found this library book.
Han Meimei: that’s mine!
Miss Yang: No, it isn’t yours! It’s the library’s. Please be more careful from now on!
Han Meimei: Yes, Miss Yang. I’m very sorry. Usually I’m very careful. I have never lost a book before. It won’t happen again.
Miss Yang: OK! Let’s forget the whole thing.
Han Meimei: Thank you


教學目標 


1.學習現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系和對時間狀語的要求,以及現(xiàn)在完成時 的陳述句形式和疑問句形式及其簡略答語是本單元的教學重點。要求學生能初步運用現(xiàn)在完 成時態(tài)談論一些過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,掌握過去分詞的構(gòu)成。
2.能夠熟練運用本單元有關(guān)“借物、尋物”的交際用語,正確運用Have you got…? 和Do you have…?及其簡略答語。
3.掌握本單元的單詞和短語,特別是used to,pay for,think of等用法。
4.利用閱讀課文來培養(yǎng)學生的閱讀理解能力和根據(jù)上下文判斷生詞詞義的能力,并逐 步提高對學生閱讀速度的要求。
5.要求學生能用自己組織的語言,對課文故事予以簡述。

教學建議

單元內(nèi)容分析

本單元主要教學現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),圍繞“The lost book”開展教學活動。學習了有關(guān)“借物和尋物”的交際用語以及到圖書館借閱圖書及相關(guān)事項,著重使用了“Have you got…”這種句式,通過對話,教學了現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的用法和構(gòu)成,重點分析過去某個動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。學習了過去分詞的構(gòu)成和動詞加一ed后的讀音,if引導的從句中時態(tài)的使用,同時還學習了一些同義詞、近義詞的用法與區(qū)別。

ago 與before                                                          

ago與before 是兩個表示“以前”的概念的單詞。在用法上,它們的區(qū)別是較大的。

1)ago和一般過去時的動詞連用,表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在以前的過去時間,它不能用于完成時態(tài),例如:

Your friend was here a week ago, wasnt he? Of course he was.

before可以和完成時態(tài)連用,也常常與never連用,表示在早先或過去的某時間的“以前”。

例如:

I never met him before. Hes new to me.

下面以three years ago和three years before為例來進行比較。three years ago用于過去時態(tài),

表示從今天算起的“三年以前”;而three year before用于過去完成時態(tài),表示從三年以前算

起的過去。試看下面的比較:

A. I met him three years ago. Weve been friends for 3 years.

B. I had met him three years before. I met you in 1992.

句A表示:“(從今天算起)三年前我遇見過他。”句B表示:“(從三年前追溯起)三年前我遇見過他一次。”

2) 另外before與ago單純在形式上的區(qū)別是before可以單獨使用,ago必須與別的表示時間的詞連用。例如:

I have read it before. It is a very good novel.

I read it 3 years ago. But I cant remember everything about it.

例  Have you found the book? Yes, I _____it five minutes_______.

A. have found, before      B. found, before

C. has found, ago          D. found, ago

解析 ago表示從現(xiàn)在算起的多少時間以前,用于一般過去式的句子中,before則表示從過去看的某時間以前或泛指以前,常見于完成時態(tài)。從本句的答語“我5分鐘前找到的”中,可以判斷是從現(xiàn)在算起的五分鐘前,故選D。

full與fill

(1)fill v.把……填滿,常與with連用。如:

Please fill the bags with rice. Weve got to take them to the poor family in the village.

fill也可以表示狀態(tài)。相當與 be filled with。如:

Smoke filled the room. =The room was filled with smoke.房間里濃煙彌漫。

(2)fill in填入、填寫、塞滿,如:

–Please fill in your telephone number and your name.

–OK, But may I borrow your pen?

–What shall I do if I want to find a job here?

–Fill in the application form.

(3)full adj. 滿的,充滿的。其結(jié)構(gòu)是be full of=be filled with,如:

The basket is full of apples. =The basket is filled with apples.Enough for all of us.

The bag full of books is mine. Please carry it for me, Its too heavy.

lose與 miss

1)兩者都表示“丟失”。lose的語氣較強,含有丟失后不易找到;miss含有“發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失”之意。在很多情況下兩者可換用。例如:

You said you have lost your watch. When did you miss it? 你說把手表丟了,你什么時候丟的?

2)lose通常用過去分詞(lost)作定語或表語;而miss則用其ing形式(missing)作表語或定語。例如:

Is there anything missing (Is there anything lost) ?

Nothing, so far as I know.

on與about

二者都是介詞,意為“關(guān)于,論及”等,一般情況下,二者可以互相替換,但二者有點區(qū)別:about常用于簡單的或淺顯的論述等,是一般用語,多用于講故事,談話;思考等;on多用于系統(tǒng)論述或?qū)n}講演、論著等,具有學術(shù)性,如:

The teacher told us a story about Lei Feng. Its very moving.

He will give us a talk on the history of the Party.他將給我們做個關(guān)于黨史的報告。

正誤例析

今天下午我們將聽一個關(guān)于非洲歷史的演講。

誤:Were going to listen to a lecture about African history his afternoon.

正:Were going to listen to a lecture on African history this afternoon.

析:介詞about和on都可以作“關(guān)于”解。on表示一本書、文章或演講是嚴肅的、學術(shù)性的,可供專門研究這一問題的人們參考;about則表示其內(nèi)容比較通俗,一般人都可閱讀。

the lost books 丟失的書。

The book was still missing.書還是找不到。

lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗;the giving name教名,名;a surprised girl一位感到吃驚的女孩。

come up with

come up with=find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:

I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。

We shall have to work hard to come up with them. 我們要努力工作,趕上他們。

類似的詞組有:

catch up with  come in for pay for

pay for意為“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:

How much did you pay for that book?那本書你付了多少錢?

Ill pay you five yuan for it.我將為此給你五元錢。

Im afraid cant pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能為此給你任何報酬。

She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她以前是一位語文老師。

used to意為“過去經(jīng)常”,它只有過去式,用于各種人稱的單、復數(shù),表示過去存在的,

但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止的情況或習慣,后接動詞原形。例如:

They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經(jīng)常步行來,現(xiàn)在不了。他們經(jīng)常乘車來。

used to是表示過去經(jīng)常重復的動作。在表示過去的習慣時,used to是比較規(guī)則的習慣,它與would不太一樣,would側(cè)重于敘述過去的光景,used to側(cè)重于和現(xiàn)在相對照。

used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構(gòu)成。美國人多用助動詞  did;英國人多用used to本身。如:

–Did you use to go there?

–Yes, very often./No, only seldom.

I used not to like Beijing opera, but now I’m very fond of it.我過去不喜歡京戲,但現(xiàn)在非常喜歡。
他過去不常抽煙。

注意區(qū)分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣于……”,后跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:

I’m not used to drinking.我不習慣喝酒。

She is used to running in the morning.她習慣早上跑步。

have got

I think Ive got one.我想我有一個。

英語中表示“所有”用have,口語中常用 have got,其否定形式為havent got,疑問形式為Have…got…?在美國英語中常使用dont have,Do… have…?例如:

Ive got a book about chemistry. =I have a book about chemistry.我有一本化學書。

He hasnt got an umbrella. =He doesnt have an umbrella. 他沒有雨傘。

–Have you got a pencil sharpener? =Do you have a pencil sharpener?

–Yes, here you are.

Have you got …?句型教學建議

利用初一學過的表示“擁有”的交際用語引出“have got”句型,講解可先不講解它的時態(tài):現(xiàn)在完成時。

1.教師先和一個學生進行下面的對話。

T: Excuse me, Do you have a dictionary?

S: Yes, I do.

T: May I borrow them, please?

S: Certainly. Here you are.

T: Thank you.

教師接過dictionary后,說:

I have a dictionary

I have got a dictionary

并在黑板上板書:have got … ,然后讓學生反復跟讀。然后告訴學生這就是我們今天所要學的新句型:This is another way of saying “Do you have …?”

2.教師可逐一取出一些畫片,邊取邊對學生說:I have got a …或拿出一些實物進行上面的句型練習。(a cup, a pen, a ruler, an eraser, a book等。)

關(guān)于課文The Lost Books教學建議

1.在教學本課的課文The Lost Books之前,先就本課Part 1的兩個問題讓學生進行回答,并寫一段短文關(guān)于自己如何愛書,以及從圖書館借書的經(jīng)歷,然后讓學生作演講。如:

I like reading very much, because I’ve learned a lot from the book I read. I’ve bought many books and has got a small library of zoo interesting books. They are about many different subjects such as foreign languages, maths, history, geography and interesting stories. But my own library is still too small to meet my needs. I often borrow books from the school library. It has a great number of books. Many of them are very interesting. I’ve read so many interesting books in the school reading room. I’m a careful boy/girl. I never lose any library book. But some of my classmates do. When they are in such a trouble, I help them. I sometimes help them to buy new books. I even pick out the best books from my book shelves and give them to my friend in trouble. I believe a friend in need is a friend indeed.

2.讓學生默讀課文,回答練習冊第2課練習1的8個問題。

3.把課文The Lost Books改成對話,由兩個學生分別扮演grandma和 librarian,表演一遍,然后讓學生輪換角色,以便更多的學生參加演出。實現(xiàn)學生自編——自導——自演——語言探究活動的過程。

參考范文部分:

Librarian: Mrs. Li, I’ve heard the bad news. You’ve lost more books.

Grandma: Yes, I’ve already lost 5 more books. I’m afraid I’ll have to pay for all the six lost books.

Librarian: Never mind. I think someday you will find them. What about putting a bookmark in each of the borrowed books. Just leave a message on the bookmark. It may help a lot.

Grandma: What do you think I should write on the bookmark?

Librarian: Something like this: If you find this book, please return it to the school library. Then you can get a nice present from the librarian. I’m an old woman. But one is never too old to learn. I do hope you’ll help me to be a good reader of the school library books. Thank you very much from the bottom of my heart.

4.讓學生閱讀英語泛讀Unit 1 的閱讀材料:Library Services,回答文后的五個問題。

5.讓學生在課后猜想管理員想出了什么辦法,同時也讓學生想其他的辦法為Grandma找回丟失的書。

6.在教學這個故事的結(jié)尾部分前,先引導學生想想該如何幫助Grandma找回丟失的書,同時也猜想管理員想了什么方法為Grandma找回丟失的書。另外也可替管理員想些好辦法來鼓勵同學們歸還書。

讓學生帶著下面的問題閱讀這個故事的結(jié)尾部分:

1. Why did they get books back so quickly?

2. If you lost the book, how would you get it back?

現(xiàn)在完成時

一、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成

1.現(xiàn)在完成時的基本句式是have/has+過去分詞。例如:

I have seen that film.我看過那部電影。

We have just finished our homework.我們剛剛做完家庭作業(yè) 。

She has gone home.她回家去了。

注意:該句式中的have或has是助動詞,has用于第三人稱單數(shù),其他人稱一律用have。該句式中have/has和過去分詞之間可插入just,譯成漢語時,往往用“已經(jīng)”、“剛剛”、“過”或“了”等這類詞。

2.現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句式是把助動詞have或has提到主語之前。例如:

Have you read this book yet?你讀過這本書嗎?

Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃了那個蘋果了嗎?

注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句往往在句末加yet。把現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句譯成漢語時,往往表示“……過嗎?”“還沒有……嗎?”等。其肯定回答用Yes,主語+ have/has。否定回答用No,主語+haven’t/hasn’t.有時用 No,not yet.或 No,never.

3.現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句式是have/has not +過去分詞。例如:

We haven’t studied Book III yet.我們還沒有學過第三冊課本。

The car hasn’t stopped yet.汽車還沒有停下來。

注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句往往也在句末加yet;譯成漢語時表示“還沒有……”之意。

二、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法

表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
例如:

Have you read that story?你讀過那個故事嗎?

(“讀”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的影響為:是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。)

I have bough two apples.我買了兩個蘋果。

(“買”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是:擁有兩個蘋果。)

學習這一概念的同時,還應注意與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用的幾個副詞:already;just,yet,  ever,never等。already,just多用于肯定句,yet,ever,never多用于疑問句和否定句中。如:

I have already finished my homework.我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè) 。

He has just had his meal. 他剛吃過飯。

Have you ever heard this song?你曾聽過這首歌嗎?

They haven’t left yet.他們還沒動身。

We have never seen so beautiful flowers.我們從來沒有見過這么漂亮的花。

語法教學:現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)

1.學習動詞過去式與過去分詞

動詞的原形,過去式和過去分詞的詞形變化即為動詞的變化。絕大多數(shù)的動詞是規(guī)則動詞,是在原形的字尾加ed構(gòu)成其過去式和過去分詞;部分動詞是不規(guī)則動詞,它們不是依照加ed的規(guī)則變化的。

2.教學現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)。

教師邊打開門,邊說:I’m opening the door. 門開后,教師問學生:

Is the door open? 學生回答說:Yes. It is. 教師接著說:

I have opened the door already.

向?qū)W生解釋,open the door的動作在過去發(fā)生,現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果是the door is open. 要表述過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響就要用現(xiàn)在完成時。結(jié)果讓學生體會這句話的意思,然后板書:用彩色粉筆寫出have opened.

Teacher asks a student to clean the blackboard.

該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:

She is cleaning the blackboard.

當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看著擦干凈的黑板,啟發(fā)大家說出:

Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.

將句子寫在黑板上,讓學生自己總結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)。教師最后把“助動詞have / has +過去分詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)寫在黑板上。

3.口頭訓練在學生對部分動詞的過去分詞和現(xiàn)在完成時的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有了認識之后,教師可以進而指導學生做一些口頭訓練。開始時可用圖片或適當?shù)那榫耙鲆恍┚渥印H纾?P> 用一個畫有蛋糕的圖片,加上旁白:“Yum, Yum, good!”引出句子:I have eaten the cake.
 

畫一個女孩兒,加上旁白:“She is here.”引出句子:She has come.

 

還可以補上一些句子:

She has given the key to her mother.她把鑰匙給了母親。(鑰匙不在她這里。)

He has read a book about science .他讀過一本科學讀物。(他對科學書籍有所接觸。)

這樣做可以讓學生對現(xiàn)在完成時有所領(lǐng)悟,即現(xiàn)在完成時不是單純表示一個過去的動作。而是表示此動作對現(xiàn)在的某種影響。教師最后可將這些句子用操練的形式讓學生改為否定式,疑問句并加以回答。

4.進行比較教學。

把現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時進行比較,由于它們都表達一個過去的概念,學生容易混淆它們之間的用法。

現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的動作都發(fā)生在過去,但現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的對間觀念是比較模糊的,籠統(tǒng)的,它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用,而一般過去時所表示的時間是比較具體的,確切的,它必須和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:

We went to the park last week. (一般過去時)

I haven’t read this book before. (現(xiàn)在完成時)

Lesson 1 Part 2  In the school library教學建議

1.教師先放錄音,讓學生跟著重復,然后讓學生猜測這個對話發(fā)生在什么地方。

2.讓學生根據(jù)對話的內(nèi)容,猜測“several”和“shelf”的含義。

3.條件較好,有圖書室的學校,可以讓學生到圖書室進行借書表演。同時可以把這個對話

加工擴展:

A: Excuse me, have you got any books about …?

B: Yes, weve got several. Theyre on that shelf

A: May I borrow the book … , please?

B: OK. Here you are. But you must give it back on time.

A: OK. Thank you very much.

4.讓學生兩個一組進行對話表演。

Lesson 1 Part 3 的教學建議

1.先讓學生分組進行對話表演。

2.然后要求學生將對話內(nèi)容改為短文:

Dialogue 1

Jim cant find his history book. He asks Bob: Have you seen my history book anywhere? Bob doesnt think so. He tells Jim to look at the book on the desk. He thinks maybe its Jims history book.

Dialogue 2

Tom has lost his dictionary. He asks Lucy about it. but Lucy hasnt seen it. She tells Tom to ask Jim about his lost dictionary. Jim says Yes to him. He saw it on Lin Taos desk five minutes ago.

He thinks it is still there.

Lesson 4 Part 4的教學建議

首先教師可以仿照課文制作類似的卡片,然后講解卡片表達的信息。條件好的學校,可以到圖書館找出類似的查書卡,也可以讓學生到市或鎮(zhèn)等各圖書館調(diào)查圖書館如何給圖書分類,如何寫借書卡,然后寫出一個調(diào)查報告,包括以下幾個內(nèi)容:

1.How many parts are there in a library?

2.How are the books classified?

3.What kinds of books do the readers like? Different people like different kinds of books?

4. What kinds of borrower’s cards are there?

5. What information can a borrower’s card give us? What kinds of knowledge can the reader get from the card?

6.How can the reader find the book she wants? How do the cards make it convenient for the reader to borrow their books?

7.How to cherish books? 

8.The rules for a library. (可參照練習冊Lesson 4 Exercise 6)

要求用英文寫,文字簡明扼要。

教師讓學生來看看書上兩張借書卡片,然后讓學生說說從這兩張卡片中可以了解到一本書的大概信息:

第一張:

從這張借書卡上我們可以知道:《簡愛》;作者是夏洛蒂·勃朗特,她出生于1816年,死于1855年;本書于1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共237頁。

書名:《簡愛》

作者:夏洛蒂·勃朗特(1816-1855)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共237頁

第二張:

這本書是《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》;作者是查爾斯·狄更斯,他出生于1812年,死于1870年;本書于1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共215頁。

書名:《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》

作者:查爾斯· 狄更斯(1812-1870)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共215頁

讓學生講講書上所給的計算機屏幕上的文字顯示的相關(guān)信息:

作者:瑪可麗特·米切爾

書名:《飄》

出版商:麥克米倫公司

描述:發(fā)生在古老的美國南部的愛情史詩

內(nèi)容:美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn),奴隸制,社會風俗

教學設計方案
Lesson one


一、教學內(nèi)容
1.詞匯(略)。
2.句型:1)Have you got…? 2) Have you found…yet? 3) I’m so glad.
3.語法:初步學習現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。
二、教具
錄音機;一些學習、日常用具,如筆、字典、手表等。
三、課堂教學設計
1.復習 值日生報告。
2.教師可采用以下方法導出現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài):
教師走到教室門前,做開門動作。邊開門邊問學生:
T:What am I doing?
Ss:You are opening the door.
打開門后,教師走回講臺,手指開著的門,反復說:
T:I have opened the door. Please look at the door. It is open now.
板書這個句子,用彩色粉筆寫出助動詞have和動詞opened。
Teacher asks a students to clean the blackboard.
該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:
She is cleaning the blackboard.
當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看著擦干凈的黑板,啟發(fā)大家說出:
Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.
3.板書剛才的主要句式。向?qū)W生介紹現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)這個術(shù)語,要求學生觀察其構(gòu)成,扼要說明這個時態(tài)表示過去的行為對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果這一用法。
4.利用黑板上的句式,扼要介紹現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成和動詞過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法。
5.打開書,學生閱讀課文第 3部分,教師布置兩個讀前提問(Pre-reading questions):
l)Where is the history book? 2)Where is the dictionary?
兩分鐘后,請學生回答。聽錄音,學生跟讀兩遍。
6.請一位同學到教室外站一會兒。讓別的同學將他/她的英語書或尺子等物藏起來。請回這位同學。待他/她剛進教室,尚未走到座位之前時,教師提問:
T:Have you got an English book (or: a ruler)?
:Yes, I have.
T:Can I borrow it, please?
:Certainly.(走回自己座位,才發(fā)現(xiàn)東西不見了。教師要求該同學用剛剛學過的語言知識來表達)
Oh, I’ve lost my English book (Or; ruler).(問旁邊的同學)Have you seen it anywhere? 如效果較好,可請幾位同學反復表演。
7.指導學生做練習冊習題。
8.布置作業(yè) 
1)練習朗讀本課對話,抄寫生詞;2)完成練習冊習題。
四、難點講解
Have you got a pencil? 你有鉛筆嗎?
在口語和非正式文體中,have got可以用來代替have。
在美國英語中,經(jīng)常使用have或has;而在英國英語中則用have got或has got表示“有”。例如:
She has blue eyes.(美國英語;=She’s got blue eyes.)她長著藍眼睛。
Do you have a brother?(美國英語;=Have you got a brother?)你有兄弟嗎?

教學設計方案
Lesson 2


教學目的:
1.進一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時的運用。
2.學習課文The lost Books. 養(yǎng)成愛學習,愛惜書的好習慣。
3.掌握重點短語和句型。
used to pay for come up with the borrowed book
Her hobby is to read.
教具 錄音機,小黑板(寫有不規(guī)則動詞若干)。
教學過程 
Step 1 Revision
1. Revise Have got …?
T: Have you got a ruler?
S: Yes. I have.
T: Can I borrow it.
S: Certainly. Here you are.
T: Thanks.
2. Revise the Present Perfect Tense
教師先說出幾個句子,然后讓學生接著再說一句,表明上句的結(jié)果。如:
T: I have returned the book to the library. S: Now I can borrow a new one.
T: She has finished her homework. S: She can have a rest (go out and play).
T: He has bought a new car. S: He can drive a new car now.
T: We have seen the new film. S: It’s about a small white cat. It’s very interesting.
T: They have lost the dog. S: They have put the dog’s photo in the newspaper. They want to find it.
讓學生來總結(jié)出其構(gòu)成:have + v. ed
出示小黑板,要求學生將上面列出的不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞形式寫出。
Step 2 Presentation
1.利用已學過的對話引出有關(guān)借書的話題。
T: Have you got the book……?
S: Yes. I have.
T: Can I borrow it?
S: Certainly. Here you are.
然后教師問學生:Do you often borrow books? Where can we borrow books from? 引出Library話題。
2.讓學生談談自己借書的經(jīng)歷,丟失了書該怎么辦。
3.讓學生默讀一遍課文(五分鐘左右),并用鉛筆劃出課文中的生詞,鼓勵學生根據(jù)上下文來判斷這些詞的意思。然后回答下列幾個問題:
1. What did my grandma do when she was young?
2. What does she like?
3. Do you like reading? Do you often borrow books from the school library?
4. Did my grandma lose the library books last week? What book?
5. What idea did the library think of?
6. What other good idea do you have to get the lost books back?
教師對學生標出的新單詞進行講解,并對文章中新出現(xiàn)的重點詞匯和短語。
1)used to
意為“過去經(jīng)常”,它只有過去式,用于各種人稱的單、復數(shù),表示過去存在的,
但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止的情況或習慣,后接動詞原形。例如:
They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經(jīng)常步行來,現(xiàn)在不了。他們經(jīng)常乘車來。
used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構(gòu)成。美國人多用助動詞 did;英國人多用used to本身。如:
他過去不常抽煙。


注意區(qū)分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣于……”,后跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:
I’m not used to drinking. 我不習慣喝酒。
She is used to running in the morning. She is a very fast runner.
2)Her hobby is to read. 她的業(yè)余愛好是讀書。
to read 是一個動詞不定式,在句中用作表語。如:
Her wish is to be a singer. 她的愿望是成為一個歌手。She sings a lot every day.
3)pay for意為“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:
How much did you pay for that book?20 yuan
I’ll pay you five yuan for it.我將為此給你五元錢。
I’m afraid I can’t pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能為此給你任何報酬。
4)come up with=find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:
I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。
5)the lost books lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗。
4.放錄音,讓學生先聽,然后跟讀。
5.學生熟悉課文后,學生回答練習冊 Ex 1.的問題。
Step 3 Practice
1.Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 1. in class.
2.讓學生根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容改編成一短劇。并分角色表演。(見教學建議:表演:The Lost Book)
Step 4 Summary
1.總結(jié)本課的重點短語的用法:used to put down pay for come up with think of
2.簡要敘述課文內(nèi)容。
Step 5 Homework
1.Retell the story: the lost book.
2. Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 2、3

探究活動

Activity about books
Teacher asks students to look for some famous books in the library, such as: Oliver Twist, the
Red and the Black, the Tales of Two City and so on. Finish these items:
First, teacher asks the students to give a talk about how to find the book and some
information about the book he looked for.
Second, ask the students to write a borrowers card about the book.

Make an investigation report
Ask students to interview one of your school librarians. Fill in the form on page 4 in
students book. Then make a report with the help of the form.

英語短文描述
簡單介紹自己學校圖書館,以及自己如何愛惜書
或以Book is my friend(必須談談書對你學習的幫助。)為題寫一篇短文。

表演
教師可以讓學生仿照課文The Lost Book寫一個劇本,讓四個學生來表演,分別扮演:Miss Yang, a boy, Han Meimei, Lucy。參考對話如下:
(Miss Yang is working at her desk in the library. A boy comes into the library.)
Boy: Excuse me, have you got any books about the moon and the stars?
Miss Yang: Yes, they’re on that shelf over there.
(Now Han Meimei comes in)
Han Meimei: Excuse me, Miss Yang, I’m very sorry. I borrowed a book from the library two weeks ago. But I can’t find it. I think I’ve lost it.
Miss Yang: Are you sure you’ve lost it?
Han Meimei: Yes, I’ve looked for it everywhere. I’ve looked round the whole school. I can’t find it anywhere.
Miss Yang: What was the name of the book?
Han Meimei: Red Star over China.
Miss Yang: What a pity! I’m afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it.
(At the moment Lucy comes into the library)
Lucy: Excuse me, Miss Yang. I’ve just found this library book.
Han Meimei: that’s mine!
Miss Yang: No, it isn’t yours! It’s the library’s. Please be more careful from now on!
Han Meimei: Yes, Miss Yang. I’m very sorry. Usually I’m very careful. I have never lost a book before. It won’t happen again.
Miss Yang: OK! Let’s forget the whole thing.
Han Meimei: Thank you


教學目標 


1.學習現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成以及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系和對時間狀語的要求,以及現(xiàn)在完成時 的陳述句形式和疑問句形式及其簡略答語是本單元的教學重點。要求學生能初步運用現(xiàn)在完 成時態(tài)談論一些過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,掌握過去分詞的構(gòu)成。
2.能夠熟練運用本單元有關(guān)“借物、尋物”的交際用語,正確運用Have you got…? 和Do you have…?及其簡略答語。
3.掌握本單元的單詞和短語,特別是used to,pay for,think of等用法。
4.利用閱讀課文來培養(yǎng)學生的閱讀理解能力和根據(jù)上下文判斷生詞詞義的能力,并逐 步提高對學生閱讀速度的要求。
5.要求學生能用自己組織的語言,對課文故事予以簡述。

教學建議

單元內(nèi)容分析

本單元主要教學現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài),圍繞“The lost book”開展教學活動。學習了有關(guān)“借物和尋物”的交際用語以及到圖書館借閱圖書及相關(guān)事項,著重使用了“Have you got…”這種句式,通過對話,教學了現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的用法和構(gòu)成,重點分析過去某個動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。學習了過去分詞的構(gòu)成和動詞加一ed后的讀音,if引導的從句中時態(tài)的使用,同時還學習了一些同義詞、近義詞的用法與區(qū)別。

ago 與before                                                          

ago與before 是兩個表示“以前”的概念的單詞。在用法上,它們的區(qū)別是較大的。

1)ago和一般過去時的動詞連用,表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在以前的過去時間,它不能用于完成時態(tài),例如:

Your friend was here a week ago, wasnt he? Of course he was.

before可以和完成時態(tài)連用,也常常與never連用,表示在早先或過去的某時間的“以前”。

例如:

I never met him before. Hes new to me.

下面以three years ago和three years before為例來進行比較。three years ago用于過去時態(tài),

表示從今天算起的“三年以前”;而three year before用于過去完成時態(tài),表示從三年以前算

起的過去。試看下面的比較:

A. I met him three years ago. Weve been friends for 3 years.

B. I had met him three years before. I met you in 1992.

句A表示:“(從今天算起)三年前我遇見過他。”句B表示:“(從三年前追溯起)三年前我遇見過他一次。”

2) 另外before與ago單純在形式上的區(qū)別是before可以單獨使用,ago必須與別的表示時間的詞連用。例如:

I have read it before. It is a very good novel.

I read it 3 years ago. But I cant remember everything about it.

例  Have you found the book? Yes, I _____it five minutes_______.

A. have found, before      B. found, before

C. has found, ago          D. found, ago

解析 ago表示從現(xiàn)在算起的多少時間以前,用于一般過去式的句子中,before則表示從過去看的某時間以前或泛指以前,常見于完成時態(tài)。從本句的答語“我5分鐘前找到的”中,可以判斷是從現(xiàn)在算起的五分鐘前,故選D。

full與fill

(1)fill v.把……填滿,常與with連用。如:

Please fill the bags with rice. Weve got to take them to the poor family in the village.

fill也可以表示狀態(tài)。相當與 be filled with。如:

Smoke filled the room. =The room was filled with smoke.房間里濃煙彌漫。

(2)fill in填入、填寫、塞滿,如:

–Please fill in your telephone number and your name.

–OK, But may I borrow your pen?

–What shall I do if I want to find a job here?

–Fill in the application form.

(3)full adj. 滿的,充滿的。其結(jié)構(gòu)是be full of=be filled with,如:

The basket is full of apples. =The basket is filled with apples.Enough for all of us.

The bag full of books is mine. Please carry it for me, Its too heavy.

lose與 miss

1)兩者都表示“丟失”。lose的語氣較強,含有丟失后不易找到;miss含有“發(fā)現(xiàn)丟失”之意。在很多情況下兩者可換用。例如:

You said you have lost your watch. When did you miss it? 你說把手表丟了,你什么時候丟的?

2)lose通常用過去分詞(lost)作定語或表語;而miss則用其ing形式(missing)作表語或定語。例如:

Is there anything missing (Is there anything lost) ?

Nothing, so far as I know.

on與about

二者都是介詞,意為“關(guān)于,論及”等,一般情況下,二者可以互相替換,但二者有點區(qū)別:about常用于簡單的或淺顯的論述等,是一般用語,多用于講故事,談話;思考等;on多用于系統(tǒng)論述或?qū)n}講演、論著等,具有學術(shù)性,如:

The teacher told us a story about Lei Feng. Its very moving.

He will give us a talk on the history of the Party.他將給我們做個關(guān)于黨史的報告。

正誤例析

今天下午我們將聽一個關(guān)于非洲歷史的演講。

誤:Were going to listen to a lecture about African history his afternoon.

正:Were going to listen to a lecture on African history this afternoon.

析:介詞about和on都可以作“關(guān)于”解。on表示一本書、文章或演講是嚴肅的、學術(shù)性的,可供專門研究這一問題的人們參考;about則表示其內(nèi)容比較通俗,一般人都可閱讀。

the lost books 丟失的書。

The book was still missing.書還是找不到。

lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗;the giving name教名,名;a surprised girl一位感到吃驚的女孩。

come up with

come up with=find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:

I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。

We shall have to work hard to come up with them. 我們要努力工作,趕上他們。

類似的詞組有:

catch up with  come in for pay for

pay for意為“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:

How much did you pay for that book?那本書你付了多少錢?

Ill pay you five yuan for it.我將為此給你五元錢。

Im afraid cant pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能為此給你任何報酬。

She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她以前是一位語文老師。

used to意為“過去經(jīng)常”,它只有過去式,用于各種人稱的單、復數(shù),表示過去存在的,

但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止的情況或習慣,后接動詞原形。例如:

They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經(jīng)常步行來,現(xiàn)在不了。他們經(jīng)常乘車來。

used to是表示過去經(jīng)常重復的動作。在表示過去的習慣時,used to是比較規(guī)則的習慣,它與would不太一樣,would側(cè)重于敘述過去的光景,used to側(cè)重于和現(xiàn)在相對照。

used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構(gòu)成。美國人多用助動詞  did;英國人多用used to本身。如:

–Did you use to go there?

–Yes, very often./No, only seldom.

I used not to like Beijing opera, but now I’m very fond of it.我過去不喜歡京戲,但現(xiàn)在非常喜歡。
他過去不常抽煙。

注意區(qū)分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣于……”,后跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:

I’m not used to drinking.我不習慣喝酒。

She is used to running in the morning.她習慣早上跑步。

have got

I think Ive got one.我想我有一個。

英語中表示“所有”用have,口語中常用 have got,其否定形式為havent got,疑問形式為Have…got…?在美國英語中常使用dont have,Do… have…?例如:

Ive got a book about chemistry. =I have a book about chemistry.我有一本化學書。

He hasnt got an umbrella. =He doesnt have an umbrella. 他沒有雨傘。

–Have you got a pencil sharpener? =Do you have a pencil sharpener?

–Yes, here you are.

Have you got …?句型教學建議

利用初一學過的表示“擁有”的交際用語引出“have got”句型,講解可先不講解它的時態(tài):現(xiàn)在完成時。

1.教師先和一個學生進行下面的對話。

T: Excuse me, Do you have a dictionary?

S: Yes, I do.

T: May I borrow them, please?

S: Certainly. Here you are.

T: Thank you.

教師接過dictionary后,說:

I have a dictionary

I have got a dictionary

并在黑板上板書:have got … ,然后讓學生反復跟讀。然后告訴學生這就是我們今天所要學的新句型:This is another way of saying “Do you have …?”

2.教師可逐一取出一些畫片,邊取邊對學生說:I have got a …或拿出一些實物進行上面的句型練習。(a cup, a pen, a ruler, an eraser, a book等。)

關(guān)于課文The Lost Books教學建議

1.在教學本課的課文The Lost Books之前,先就本課Part 1的兩個問題讓學生進行回答,并寫一段短文關(guān)于自己如何愛書,以及從圖書館借書的經(jīng)歷,然后讓學生作演講。如:

I like reading very much, because I’ve learned a lot from the book I read. I’ve bought many books and has got a small library of zoo interesting books. They are about many different subjects such as foreign languages, maths, history, geography and interesting stories. But my own library is still too small to meet my needs. I often borrow books from the school library. It has a great number of books. Many of them are very interesting. I’ve read so many interesting books in the school reading room. I’m a careful boy/girl. I never lose any library book. But some of my classmates do. When they are in such a trouble, I help them. I sometimes help them to buy new books. I even pick out the best books from my book shelves and give them to my friend in trouble. I believe a friend in need is a friend indeed.

2.讓學生默讀課文,回答練習冊第2課練習1的8個問題。

3.把課文The Lost Books改成對話,由兩個學生分別扮演grandma和 librarian,表演一遍,然后讓學生輪換角色,以便更多的學生參加演出。實現(xiàn)學生自編——自導——自演——語言探究活動的過程。

參考范文部分:

Librarian: Mrs. Li, I’ve heard the bad news. You’ve lost more books.

Grandma: Yes, I’ve already lost 5 more books. I’m afraid I’ll have to pay for all the six lost books.

Librarian: Never mind. I think someday you will find them. What about putting a bookmark in each of the borrowed books. Just leave a message on the bookmark. It may help a lot.

Grandma: What do you think I should write on the bookmark?

Librarian: Something like this: If you find this book, please return it to the school library. Then you can get a nice present from the librarian. I’m an old woman. But one is never too old to learn. I do hope you’ll help me to be a good reader of the school library books. Thank you very much from the bottom of my heart.

4.讓學生閱讀英語泛讀Unit 1 的閱讀材料:Library Services,回答文后的五個問題。

5.讓學生在課后猜想管理員想出了什么辦法,同時也讓學生想其他的辦法為Grandma找回丟失的書。

6.在教學這個故事的結(jié)尾部分前,先引導學生想想該如何幫助Grandma找回丟失的書,同時也猜想管理員想了什么方法為Grandma找回丟失的書。另外也可替管理員想些好辦法來鼓勵同學們歸還書。

讓學生帶著下面的問題閱讀這個故事的結(jié)尾部分:

1. Why did they get books back so quickly?

2. If you lost the book, how would you get it back?

現(xiàn)在完成時

一、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成

1.現(xiàn)在完成時的基本句式是have/has+過去分詞。例如:

I have seen that film.我看過那部電影。

We have just finished our homework.我們剛剛做完家庭作業(yè) 。

She has gone home.她回家去了。

注意:該句式中的have或has是助動詞,has用于第三人稱單數(shù),其他人稱一律用have。該句式中have/has和過去分詞之間可插入just,譯成漢語時,往往用“已經(jīng)”、“剛剛”、“過”或“了”等這類詞。

2.現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句式是把助動詞have或has提到主語之前。例如:

Have you read this book yet?你讀過這本書嗎?

Has he eaten that apple yet?他吃了那個蘋果了嗎?

注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句往往在句末加yet。把現(xiàn)在完成時的一般疑問句譯成漢語時,往往表示“……過嗎?”“還沒有……嗎?”等。其肯定回答用Yes,主語+ have/has。否定回答用No,主語+haven’t/hasn’t.有時用 No,not yet.或 No,never.

3.現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句式是have/has not +過去分詞。例如:

We haven’t studied Book III yet.我們還沒有學過第三冊課本。

The car hasn’t stopped yet.汽車還沒有停下來。

注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句往往也在句末加yet;譯成漢語時表示“還沒有……”之意。

二、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法

表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
例如:

Have you read that story?你讀過那個故事嗎?

(“讀”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的影響為:是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。)

I have bough two apples.我買了兩個蘋果。

(“買”這一動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是:擁有兩個蘋果。)

學習這一概念的同時,還應注意與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)連用的幾個副詞:already;just,yet,  ever,never等。already,just多用于肯定句,yet,ever,never多用于疑問句和否定句中。如:

I have already finished my homework.我已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè) 。

He has just had his meal. 他剛吃過飯。

Have you ever heard this song?你曾聽過這首歌嗎?

They haven’t left yet.他們還沒動身。

We have never seen so beautiful flowers.我們從來沒有見過這么漂亮的花。

語法教學:現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)

1.學習動詞過去式與過去分詞

動詞的原形,過去式和過去分詞的詞形變化即為動詞的變化。絕大多數(shù)的動詞是規(guī)則動詞,是在原形的字尾加ed構(gòu)成其過去式和過去分詞;部分動詞是不規(guī)則動詞,它們不是依照加ed的規(guī)則變化的。

2.教學現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)。

教師邊打開門,邊說:I’m opening the door. 門開后,教師問學生:

Is the door open? 學生回答說:Yes. It is. 教師接著說:

I have opened the door already.

向?qū)W生解釋,open the door的動作在過去發(fā)生,現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果是the door is open. 要表述過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響就要用現(xiàn)在完成時。結(jié)果讓學生體會這句話的意思,然后板書:用彩色粉筆寫出have opened.

Teacher asks a student to clean the blackboard.

該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:

She is cleaning the blackboard.

當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看著擦干凈的黑板,啟發(fā)大家說出:

Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.

將句子寫在黑板上,讓學生自己總結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)。教師最后把“助動詞have / has +過去分詞”這個結(jié)構(gòu)寫在黑板上。

3.口頭訓練在學生對部分動詞的過去分詞和現(xiàn)在完成時的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有了認識之后,教師可以進而指導學生做一些口頭訓練。開始時可用圖片或適當?shù)那榫耙鲆恍┚渥印H纾?P> 用一個畫有蛋糕的圖片,加上旁白:“Yum, Yum, good!”引出句子:I have eaten the cake.
 

畫一個女孩兒,加上旁白:“She is here.”引出句子:She has come.

 

還可以補上一些句子:

She has given the key to her mother.她把鑰匙給了母親。(鑰匙不在她這里。)

He has read a book about science .他讀過一本科學讀物。(他對科學書籍有所接觸。)

這樣做可以讓學生對現(xiàn)在完成時有所領(lǐng)悟,即現(xiàn)在完成時不是單純表示一個過去的動作。而是表示此動作對現(xiàn)在的某種影響。教師最后可將這些句子用操練的形式讓學生改為否定式,疑問句并加以回答。

4.進行比較教學。

把現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時進行比較,由于它們都表達一個過去的概念,學生容易混淆它們之間的用法。

現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的動作都發(fā)生在過去,但現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的對間觀念是比較模糊的,籠統(tǒng)的,它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用,而一般過去時所表示的時間是比較具體的,確切的,它必須和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:

We went to the park last week. (一般過去時)

I haven’t read this book before. (現(xiàn)在完成時)

Lesson 1 Part 2  In the school library教學建議

1.教師先放錄音,讓學生跟著重復,然后讓學生猜測這個對話發(fā)生在什么地方。

2.讓學生根據(jù)對話的內(nèi)容,猜測“several”和“shelf”的含義。

3.條件較好,有圖書室的學校,可以讓學生到圖書室進行借書表演。同時可以把這個對話

加工擴展:

A: Excuse me, have you got any books about …?

B: Yes, weve got several. Theyre on that shelf

A: May I borrow the book … , please?

B: OK. Here you are. But you must give it back on time.

A: OK. Thank you very much.

4.讓學生兩個一組進行對話表演。

Lesson 1 Part 3 的教學建議

1.先讓學生分組進行對話表演。

2.然后要求學生將對話內(nèi)容改為短文:

Dialogue 1

Jim cant find his history book. He asks Bob: Have you seen my history book anywhere? Bob doesnt think so. He tells Jim to look at the book on the desk. He thinks maybe its Jims history book.

Dialogue 2

Tom has lost his dictionary. He asks Lucy about it. but Lucy hasnt seen it. She tells Tom to ask Jim about his lost dictionary. Jim says Yes to him. He saw it on Lin Taos desk five minutes ago.

He thinks it is still there.

Lesson 4 Part 4的教學建議

首先教師可以仿照課文制作類似的卡片,然后講解卡片表達的信息。條件好的學校,可以到圖書館找出類似的查書卡,也可以讓學生到市或鎮(zhèn)等各圖書館調(diào)查圖書館如何給圖書分類,如何寫借書卡,然后寫出一個調(diào)查報告,包括以下幾個內(nèi)容:

1.How many parts are there in a library?

2.How are the books classified?

3.What kinds of books do the readers like? Different people like different kinds of books?

4. What kinds of borrower’s cards are there?

5. What information can a borrower’s card give us? What kinds of knowledge can the reader get from the card?

6.How can the reader find the book she wants? How do the cards make it convenient for the reader to borrow their books?

7.How to cherish books? 

8.The rules for a library. (可參照練習冊Lesson 4 Exercise 6)

要求用英文寫,文字簡明扼要。

教師讓學生來看看書上兩張借書卡片,然后讓學生說說從這兩張卡片中可以了解到一本書的大概信息:

第一張:

從這張借書卡上我們可以知道:《簡愛》;作者是夏洛蒂·勃朗特,她出生于1816年,死于1855年;本書于1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共237頁。

書名:《簡愛》

作者:夏洛蒂·勃朗特(1816-1855)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共237頁

第二張:

這本書是《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》;作者是查爾斯·狄更斯,他出生于1812年,死于1870年;本書于1990年由牛津大學出版社出版;全書共215頁。

書名:《大衛(wèi)·科波菲爾》

作者:查爾斯· 狄更斯(1812-1870)

出版商:牛津大學出版社,1990

全書共215頁

讓學生講講書上所給的計算機屏幕上的文字顯示的相關(guān)信息:

作者:瑪可麗特·米切爾

書名:《飄》

出版商:麥克米倫公司

描述:發(fā)生在古老的美國南部的愛情史詩

內(nèi)容:美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn),奴隸制,社會風俗

教學設計方案
Lesson one


一、教學內(nèi)容
1.詞匯(略)。
2.句型:1)Have you got…? 2) Have you found…yet? 3) I’m so glad.
3.語法:初步學習現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。
二、教具
錄音機;一些學習、日常用具,如筆、字典、手表等。
三、課堂教學設計
1.復習 值日生報告。
2.教師可采用以下方法導出現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài):
教師走到教室門前,做開門動作。邊開門邊問學生:
T:What am I doing?
Ss:You are opening the door.
打開門后,教師走回講臺,手指開著的門,反復說:
T:I have opened the door. Please look at the door. It is open now.
板書這個句子,用彩色粉筆寫出助動詞have和動詞opened。
Teacher asks a students to clean the blackboard.
該同學在擦拭擦黑板時,教師向全班說:
She is cleaning the blackboard.
當該同學擦完黑板,走回座位,教師讓全班看著擦干凈的黑板,啟發(fā)大家說出:
Ss:She has cleaned the blackboard.
3.板書剛才的主要句式。向?qū)W生介紹現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)這個術(shù)語,要求學生觀察其構(gòu)成,扼要說明這個時態(tài)表示過去的行為對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果這一用法。
4.利用黑板上的句式,扼要介紹現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成和動詞過去分詞的構(gòu)成方法。
5.打開書,學生閱讀課文第 3部分,教師布置兩個讀前提問(Pre-reading questions):
l)Where is the history book? 2)Where is the dictionary?
兩分鐘后,請學生回答。聽錄音,學生跟讀兩遍。
6.請一位同學到教室外站一會兒。讓別的同學將他/她的英語書或尺子等物藏起來。請回這位同學。待他/她剛進教室,尚未走到座位之前時,教師提問:
T:Have you got an English book (or: a ruler)?
:Yes, I have.
T:Can I borrow it, please?
:Certainly.(走回自己座位,才發(fā)現(xiàn)東西不見了。教師要求該同學用剛剛學過的語言知識來表達)
Oh, I’ve lost my English book (Or; ruler).(問旁邊的同學)Have you seen it anywhere? 如效果較好,可請幾位同學反復表演。
7.指導學生做練習冊習題。
8.布置作業(yè) 
1)練習朗讀本課對話,抄寫生詞;2)完成練習冊習題。
四、難點講解
Have you got a pencil? 你有鉛筆嗎?
在口語和非正式文體中,have got可以用來代替have。
在美國英語中,經(jīng)常使用have或has;而在英國英語中則用have got或has got表示“有”。例如:
She has blue eyes.(美國英語;=She’s got blue eyes.)她長著藍眼睛。
Do you have a brother?(美國英語;=Have you got a brother?)你有兄弟嗎?

教學設計方案
Lesson 2


教學目的:
1.進一步掌握現(xiàn)在完成時的運用。
2.學習課文The lost Books. 養(yǎng)成愛學習,愛惜書的好習慣。
3.掌握重點短語和句型。
used to pay for come up with the borrowed book
Her hobby is to read.
教具 錄音機,小黑板(寫有不規(guī)則動詞若干)。
教學過程 
Step 1 Revision
1. Revise Have got …?
T: Have you got a ruler?
S: Yes. I have.
T: Can I borrow it.
S: Certainly. Here you are.
T: Thanks.
2. Revise the Present Perfect Tense
教師先說出幾個句子,然后讓學生接著再說一句,表明上句的結(jié)果。如:
T: I have returned the book to the library. S: Now I can borrow a new one.
T: She has finished her homework. S: She can have a rest (go out and play).
T: He has bought a new car. S: He can drive a new car now.
T: We have seen the new film. S: It’s about a small white cat. It’s very interesting.
T: They have lost the dog. S: They have put the dog’s photo in the newspaper. They want to find it.
讓學生來總結(jié)出其構(gòu)成:have + v. ed
出示小黑板,要求學生將上面列出的不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞形式寫出。
Step 2 Presentation
1.利用已學過的對話引出有關(guān)借書的話題。
T: Have you got the book……?
S: Yes. I have.
T: Can I borrow it?
S: Certainly. Here you are.
然后教師問學生:Do you often borrow books? Where can we borrow books from? 引出Library話題。
2.讓學生談談自己借書的經(jīng)歷,丟失了書該怎么辦。
3.讓學生默讀一遍課文(五分鐘左右),并用鉛筆劃出課文中的生詞,鼓勵學生根據(jù)上下文來判斷這些詞的意思。然后回答下列幾個問題:
1. What did my grandma do when she was young?
2. What does she like?
3. Do you like reading? Do you often borrow books from the school library?
4. Did my grandma lose the library books last week? What book?
5. What idea did the library think of?
6. What other good idea do you have to get the lost books back?
教師對學生標出的新單詞進行講解,并對文章中新出現(xiàn)的重點詞匯和短語。
1)used to
意為“過去經(jīng)常”,它只有過去式,用于各種人稱的單、復數(shù),表示過去存在的,
但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)停止的情況或習慣,后接動詞原形。例如:
They used to come on foot,but they don’t do that again. They often come by bus. 他們過去經(jīng)常步行來,現(xiàn)在不了。他們經(jīng)常乘車來。
used to的疑問形式和否定形式可以用助詞did或自身形成構(gòu)成。美國人多用助動詞 did;英國人多用used to本身。如:
他過去不常抽煙。


注意區(qū)分be used to所表示的意思是“習慣于……”,后跟名詞或動名詞,used是一個形容詞。例如:
I’m not used to drinking. 我不習慣喝酒。
She is used to running in the morning. She is a very fast runner.
2)Her hobby is to read. 她的業(yè)余愛好是讀書。
to read 是一個動詞不定式,在句中用作表語。如:
Her wish is to be a singer. 她的愿望是成為一個歌手。She sings a lot every day.
3)pay for意為“給……報酬”,“付款”。常見句型有:(1) pay for+貨物,(2) pay+名詞/代詞+for+物。例如:
How much did you pay for that book?20 yuan
I’ll pay you five yuan for it.我將為此給你五元錢。
I’m afraid I can’t pay you anything for it.我恐怕不能為此給你任何報酬。
4)come up with=find or produce (an answer)意為“提出,提供”,它是由動詞和介詞一起構(gòu)成的短語動詞。它的另一個意思是“趕上”。例如:
I hope you can come up with a better plan than this. 我希望你能提出個更好的計劃。
5)the lost books lost=missing丟失的。英語中單個分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)也能作定語用,它們一般放在名詞的前面。又如:a stolen car一輛失竊的汽車;a broken wind。一扇破的窗。
4.放錄音,讓學生先聽,然后跟讀。
5.學生熟悉課文后,學生回答練習冊 Ex 1.的問題。
Step 3 Practice
1.Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 1. in class.
2.讓學生根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容改編成一短劇。并分角色表演。(見教學建議:表演:The Lost Book)
Step 4 Summary
1.總結(jié)本課的重點短語的用法:used to put down pay for come up with think of
2.簡要敘述課文內(nèi)容。
Step 5 Homework
1.Retell the story: the lost book.
2. Do Workbook Lesson 2, Ex 2、3

探究活動

Activity about books
Teacher asks students to look for some famous books in the library, such as: Oliver Twist, the
Red and the Black, the Tales of Two City and so on. Finish these items:
First, teacher asks the students to give a talk about how to find the book and some
information about the book he looked for.
Second, ask the students to write a borrowers card about the book.

Make an investigation report
Ask students to interview one of your school librarians. Fill in the form on page 4 in
students book. Then make a report with the help of the form.

英語短文描述
簡單介紹自己學校圖書館,以及自己如何愛惜書
或以Book is my friend(必須談談書對你學習的幫助。)為題寫一篇短文。

表演
教師可以讓學生仿照課文The Lost Book寫一個劇本,讓四個學生來表演,分別扮演:Miss Yang, a boy, Han Meimei, Lucy。參考對話如下:
(Miss Yang is working at her desk in the library. A boy comes into the library.)
Boy: Excuse me, have you got any books about the moon and the stars?
Miss Yang: Yes, they’re on that shelf over there.
(Now Han Meimei comes in)
Han Meimei: Excuse me, Miss Yang, I’m very sorry. I borrowed a book from the library two weeks ago. But I can’t find it. I think I’ve lost it.
Miss Yang: Are you sure you’ve lost it?
Han Meimei: Yes, I’ve looked for it everywhere. I’ve looked round the whole school. I can’t find it anywhere.
Miss Yang: What was the name of the book?
Han Meimei: Red Star over China.
Miss Yang: What a pity! I’m afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it.
(At the moment Lucy comes into the library)
Lucy: Excuse me, Miss Yang. I’ve just found this library book.
Han Meimei: that’s mine!
Miss Yang: No, it isn’t yours! It’s the library’s. Please be more careful from now on!
Han Meimei: Yes, Miss Yang. I’m very sorry. Usually I’m very careful. I have never lost a book before. It won’t happen again.
Miss Yang: OK! Let’s forget the whole thing.
Han Meimei: Thank you


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