Unit 2 Travelling
1. 終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成,因此可用于現在完成時。如:
the train has arrived.火車到了。
have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎?
2. 終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續。因此,不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如:
(1) 他死了三年了。
誤:he has died for three years.
正:he has been dead for three years.
正:he died three years ago.
正:it is three years since he died.
正:three years has passed since he died.
(2) 他來這兒五天了。
誤:he has come here for five days.
正:he has been here for five days.
正:he came here five days ago.
正:it is five days since he came here.
正:five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞,不能與表示“一段時間”的狀語連用。那么,應如何正確表達呢?可以采用下面的四種方法:
(1) 將句中終止性動詞轉換為相應的延續性動詞,如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold
(2) 將句中表示“一段時間”的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語,如上面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。
(3) 用句型“it is+一段時間+since...”表達原意,如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。
(4) 用句型“時間+has passed+since...”表達原意,如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。
3. 終止性動詞可用于現在完成時否定式中,成為可以延續的狀態,因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
he hasn’t left here since 1986.
i haven’t heard from my father for two weeks.
4. 終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用,構成“not+終止性動詞+until/till ...”的句型,意為“直到……才……”。如:
you can’t leave here until i arrive.直到我到了,你才能離開這里。
i will not go to bed until i finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫,我才上床睡覺。
5. 終止性動詞可以用于when引導的時間狀語從句中,但不可以用于while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是“點時間”(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞),也可以是“一段時間”(從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程,從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞。如:
when we reached london, it was twelve o’clock. (reach為終止性動詞)
please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續性動詞短語)
6. 終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限于肯定式)。如:
誤:how long have you come here?
正:how long have you been here?
正:when did you come here?
7. 短暫性動詞的肯定句不能接一段時間。(否定句可以)
誤:i have come to nanjing for about two years.
正:i have been in nanjing for about two years.