Unit 20 Archaeology教案

（4）都可跟從句，意思是“肯定……”，“確定……”，只能用人做主語(yǔ)。 eg:
i’m not sure/certain whether i’ve met him before.
我不能確定以前是否見(jiàn)到過(guò)他。
不同點(diǎn)：sure不能用于it is certain that…句型。 eg:
it is certain that your team will win.你們隊(duì)肯定會(huì)贏。
2. cloth, clothes與clothing
(1)cloth指做衣服用的材料（布料、毛料、絲綢等），是物質(zhì)名詞，不可數(shù)，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 eg:
a piece of cloth一塊布料（不能說(shuō)a cloth）
how much cloth does it take to make a coat for the child?
給這個(gè)孩子做件上衣要多少布？
注：cloth指“具體用途的布”時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞。 eg:
a table cloth一塊桌布 a dish-cloth擦盤(pán)子布
（2）clothes統(tǒng)指各種衣服，包括外套、西裝、襯衣、褲子、裙、鞋、帽等。不指單件衣服。它既不能用作單數(shù)，也不能和表示具體數(shù)目的數(shù)詞連用。做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
不能說(shuō)：a clothes（×） six clothes(×)
但可以說(shuō)many (these, a few, my) clothes(√) eg:
he had to buy many clothes.他只好買(mǎi)很多衣服。
these clothes are new.這些衣服都是新的。
（3）clothing是衣服、服裝的總稱，是集合名詞，只有單數(shù)形式。做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 eg:
food and clothing衣食
an article of clothing (a piece of clothing) 一件衣服
三、語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)講解
1. buried with him were the tools of a hunter or warrior. 獵人或是武士的工具跟他埋在一起。
此句是倒裝句，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)是：
the tools of a hunter or warrior were buried with him.
當(dāng)一個(gè)句子沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)而主語(yǔ)又比較長(zhǎng)，為了保持句子平衡，或?yàn)榱藦?qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，或?yàn)榱耸股舷挛木o密銜接，可將狀語(yǔ)提到句子前頭，同時(shí)把謂語(yǔ)也放到主語(yǔ)的前面。 eg:
east of the town lies a beautiful lake.城東有一美麗的湖泊。
next to them lay a cushion stone, upon which the man could work metal.
在它們的旁邊放著一塊墊東西的石頭，這個(gè)人有可能在上面鍛造金屬。
2. this was a time when the first metals were brought to britain.那時(shí)第一批金屬被帶到了英國(guó)。
a time特定的一段時(shí)間，在這指的是that period。
when引出的是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞a time，等于at which。 eg:
this was a time when there were still slaves in the usa.那時(shí)美國(guó)還有奴隸。
3. iron came later, in what was called the iron age.后來(lái)，在所謂的鐵器時(shí)代出現(xiàn)了鐵。
句中what was called the iron age是what引出的名詞性從句做in的賓語(yǔ)，連接詞what在從句中充當(dāng)成分，做主語(yǔ)，因此不用that。 eg:
einstein’s most famous theory is what we call the theory of relativity.
愛(ài)因斯坦最著名的理論就是我們所說(shuō)的相對(duì)論。
4. at first it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict, but…起初，人們認(rèn)為鐵是由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和武裝沖突才出現(xiàn)的。但……
句中it was thought +that…it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是that從句，第二個(gè)it指上文的“鐵”（iron）。
掌握句型：it is said/ thought/believed…that…
=people say/think/believe that…
=sb. /sth. is said/ believed/ thought to do eg: