First aid（Unit 8  First aid）

     despite the variety of injuries possible, several principles of first aid apply to all emergencies. the first step is to call for professional medical help. the victim, if conscious, should be reassured that medical aid has been requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid. next, assess the scene, asking other people or the injured person's family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that may have already been given, and preexisting conditions such as diabetes or heart trouble. unless the accident scene becomes unsafe or the victim may suffer further injury, do not move the victim. first aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life-threatening conditions exist. one method for evaluating a victim’s condition is known by the acronym abc.which stands for：
   a—airway：is it open and unobstructed?
   b—breathing：is the person breathing?
look.1isten.and feel for breathing.
   c—circulation：is there a pulse? is the person bleeding externally? check skin color and temperature for additional indications of circulation problems.
   once obvious injures have been evaluated, the injured person’s head should be kept in a neutral position in line with the body.if no evidence exists to suggest potential skull or spinal injury, place the injured person in a comfortable position.positioned on one side a victim can vomit without choking or obstructing the airway.
2.first aid(ⅱ)
first aid means what it says：the aid，or held that can be given to an injured person first，which is before any other help.nowadays，there is usually a telephone not faraway and the first thing we should do if a serious accident happens is to telephone for an ambu1anee.but sometimes quick actions by us may save someone’s 1ife.even when it is not so，there is often much that we can do to help.
shock：people often suffer from shock after receiving an injury；sometimes even the injury is a small one.the face turns grey, and the skin becomes damp and cold.they breathe quickly.they should be kept warm. cover them with a blanket and give them a warm drink.
    broken bones：don't move the person.send for an ambulance at once.treat for shock if necessary.
    poison：a person who has swallowed poison should be taken to hospital at once.with some poisons, sleeping pills，for example, it is a good thing to make the person sick by pushing your ringers down his throat.but if he has swallowed some kind of acid, or anything that burns, it would be a bad thing to make the person sick.by pushing your fingers down his throat. but if he has swallowed some kind of acid, or anything that burns, it would be a bad thing to make him sick. the poison would burn his throat as it cane up. it is, therefore, best to take the person to find out what the person has taken so that they call to tell the doctor.