直接引語和間接引語

一. 定義
 交際中我們常常需要引述別人說的話，一種是一字不差地直接引用別人的話，放在引號內，稱為直接引語（the direct speech）, 另一種是間接地引述別人的話，稱為間接引語( the indirect speech)。例如：
he said, “i will choose a book from my students.”  他說：“我將為學生選一本書。”
= he said that he would choose a book from his student.   他說他將為學生選一本書。

二. 直接引語與間接引語的轉化
1. 標點符號的變化：
he said to me, “don’t live in london!”
= he told me not to live in london.

2. 語序的變化： 疑問語序變為陳述語序。
he said to me, “do you live in london?”
= he asked me if/whether i lived in london.

3. 動詞的變化： say (to) 在陳述句中多變為tell等詞，在疑問句中多變為ask等詞，在祈使句中表示命令多變為tell, order等詞，表請求時多變為ask等詞。
he said to me, “could you please live in london?”
= he asked me if/whether i could live in london.
= he asked me to live in london.

4. 連接詞的變化：
連接詞 1. 陳述句用that連接 he said to me, “i live in london.”
= he told me that he lived in london.
 2. 一般（選擇，反意）疑問句用if或whether連接   he said to me, “do you live in london?”
= he asked me if/whether i lived in london.
 he asked me, “do you live in london or paris?”
= he asked me if/whether i lived in london or paris.
 he asked me, “you live in london, don’t you?”
= he asked me if/whether i lived in london.
 3. 特殊疑問句仍用原來的特殊疑問詞連接  he said to me, “when do you live in london?”
= he asked me when i lived in london.

5. 時態的變化：
時態變化 1. 如果主句中的謂語動詞是一般現在時態，間接引語中的動詞時態保持不變。   he says, “i live in london.”
= he says that he lives in london.
 he says, “i have lived in london for years.”
= he says that he has lived in london for years.
 2. 如果主句中的謂語動詞是過去時態，間接引語中的動詞時態作如下變化：
一般現在時---一般過去時
一般將來時---過去將來時
現在完成時---過去完成時
現在進行時---過去進行時
一般過去時---過去完成時  he said, “i live in london.”
= he said that he lived in london.
 he said, “i am living in london now.”
= he said that he was living in london then.
 he said, “i will live in london next year.”
= he said that he would live in london the next year.
 he said, “i lived in london for years.”
= he said that he had lived in london for years.
 3. 但是過去進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時保持不變。
  he said, “when i saw her, she was living in london.”