2016屆中考英語主要句式復習
主要句式 (一) 知識概要
初中所學的句型一般要分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之分。其中可以分為以下五種：① 主語+不及物動詞。如：i arrived at six last night.② 主語+及物動詞+賓語，如：i bought a good englishchinese dictionary yesterday.③ 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語，如：please tell me a story before i go to bed. 這樣可加雙賓語的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.④ 主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語，如：i found it impossible to do it. please keep the classroom clean and tidy.⑤ 主語+系動詞+表語，如：tom is an american boy. the grass turned green in spring.在初中常見的句型中有there be…句型，表示存在某種事物，如：there is a map on the wall其be動詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動詞后，也要保持be動詞，不要換用have,如：there is going to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子結構中要注意主謂一致的問題，即句子的主語與謂語動詞要相呼應。要注意的有如下幾點：① 用and連接兩個主語時一般應視為復數，但如一人身兼兩職時則要用單數謂語動詞形式，如：a singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演員。而 a singer and a dancer 則要譯為：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 s 結尾的名詞謂語動詞要用單數，如： the news is good (news 為不可數名詞)。③ 有量詞時應按量詞的數量計算；如： this pair of glasses is good my glasses are broken. ④有些形單卻意為復數的名詞，如： people are coming here 這樣的詞還有 police， 如果要講一個警察時，應講 a policeman。 兩個警察為 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen ⑤ 所有不定代詞 each， either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything， someone， something … 要作為單數如： someone is waiting for you在并列句中表示聯合關系的連詞有： and not only … but also， neither … nor， either … or 如: my sister and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示轉折關系的并列連詞有： but 和 yet， 如： she is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： i think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示選擇關系的連詞有：or， either … or，如： hurry up, or you will be late for school 表示因果關系的并列連詞有： for， so 如： they studied very hard， so they all passed the exam在初中范圍復合句中主要有狀語從句和賓語從句(名詞性從句)兩種，而定語從句(形容詞性從句)要在高中講述，為了使同學閱讀文章方便，我們將在下面另一章予以介紹。我們首先來看賓語從句。① 在及物動詞的后面可以接一個名詞來充當賓語，如： i knew the man, 而這時也可以用一個句子來充當賓語，如： i knew that he was a good man 這時賓語從句的連接詞有 that, (that 只在從句中起聯接作用，不在句中充當語法成分，既不是主語也不是賓語，所以在口語中常常被省略。如： i am sure (that) she has passed the exam ②if, whether 它們在賓語從句中只起連接作用，不起語法作用，當作是否講。從句中有 or not 結構時，要用 whether, 如： i ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch i asks him whether he has had his lunch or not ③ what 它在賓語從句中除了作連接詞外，還要作主語或賓語成份，如： i don't understand what you said (what 作 said 的賓語)。又如： i asked him what made him sick (what 在賓語從句中作主語)。④ who，它也和what一樣，在句中除作連接詞外，可以充當句中的成份，如：i know who she is looking for? ⑤ whose 如： i want to know whose book this is? ⑥ which 如： do you know which book is mine?在連接詞中還有4個常用的連接副詞，① how 它的應用最廣，如： how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old …。如： how much does it cost? ② when 它只是連接時間狀語，如： please tell me when the meeting will begin? ③ where 它連接地點狀語，如： where are you from? ④ why 它要連接的是原因狀語從句，如： the teacher asked why tom didn't come to school. 在考試中常見到的考點是：賓語從句的時態與主句時態的呼應問題。① 主句謂語動詞如果是現在時或將來時，賓語從句的時態可以是任何所需要的時態， 如： i know he didn't come. 我知道他沒來。 i know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天來。i know he has gone to london 我知道他已去倫敦了。 ② 主句中的謂語動詞若是過去時，賓語從句也要用過去時態中的某一種。比如： 一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時，過去完成時。除了在表達宇宙中的客觀真理時，不能用現在時態。如： i wanted to know when he would come the teacher told me the earth moves around the sun狀語從句主要有時間狀語從句，其連接詞有：after， before， when， as， as soon as， until (till)， while， since， by其中較難掌握的有以下幾點：① until (till) 直到，在用 until 表達時間狀語的句子中，主句中的動詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動詞是持續性動詞，它要用肯定句，如： i studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果動詞是瞬間截止性動詞，則要用否定句，如： he didn't go to bed until his mother came back ② 由since， for， by， before 來引導的時間狀語從句。 since 引導的時間狀語是動作的開始時間，如： i have studied english since 1990 而由 by 引導的時間狀語通常是動作的結束時間，如： i had learned 25 english songs by the end of last term 而before 則多用于完成時， ago 則多用于一般過去時，如： he had finished his work before twelve yesterday i left my hometown two years ago ③ 在狀語從句中用一般現在時或一般過去時表示將來。它們可能是主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現在時，如： if it rains, they won't go to the park on sunday 也可以主句是一般過去時，從句用一般過去進行時，如： he said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考試中常見的考點有：要學生區別是條件、時間狀語從句還是賓語從句，因在賓語從句中該用什么時態用什么時態，如： i want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在賓語從句中的條件狀語從句與主句的關系，如： i want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow在原因狀語從句中主要是① because， 應譯為"因為"。它表達的因果關系最強，如： he didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard ② since 應譯為"既然"，如： since you were ill yesterday i left some notes on your desk ③ as 應譯為"由于"，如： as it is too hot we'd better go swimming since 與 as 所表達的因果關系遠比 because 弱得多。而 for 表達的因果關系最弱。它不能用于句首，如： he studies hard, for he wants to go to college在比較狀語從句中有同級比較 as … as， 如： this book is as good as that one 要注意的有兩點：① as … as 中間要用原級而不是比較級。② 用形容詞還是副詞，如： mary writes as carefully as tom 而其否定句為 not as (so) … as， 如： they didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同級比較用比較級加 than, 如： he is younger than i am 要注意的是表示"越來越"這一概念時有兩個句型：① 比較級＋and＋比較級，如： the days are getting longer and longer the little girl is becoming more and more beautiful ② 定冠詞 the ＋ 比較級＋ the ＋ 比較級，如： the harder you study, the more you can learn方式狀語中要注意的是as (連詞)與 like (介詞)的區別。 as 作為連詞其后接從句，如： please do it as i did it 但后面的句子常作省略，如： please do it as i 而 like 是介詞，其后要接的是賓語，如： please do it like me結果和目的狀語從句主要有 so … that， so that， in order that等幾種用法。① so … that用在單數可數名詞前，so ＋ 形容詞 ＋ a ＋ 名詞 ＋ that，如： she is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such ＋ a ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 名詞 ＋ that, 如： she is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her ② 在不可數名詞或可數名詞復數前只能用 such， 如： it is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如： they are such good players that they should win the game. ③ 在much， many， few， little 之前只能用so， 如： i have so little money that i can't buy it ④ so … that 之間只有形容詞時，則不能用 such， 如： it is so good that i want to buy ⑤ so that 其后接從句，如： i got up earlier so that i could catch the first bus