第十四章句子的種類(通用2篇)
第十四章句子的種類 篇1
第十四章 句子的種類(一)
英語中的句子可以按其作用或者按其語法結構(即句子的形式)兩種標準分類。下面是具體的分類依據和結果。
(1)按其作用或使用目的,句子可分為:
陳述句:this is a truck. 這是一輛卡車。
疑問句:is this a truck? 這是卡車嗎?
祈使句:drive the truck away. 把卡車開走。
感嘆句:what a big truck it is! 多么大的卡車!
按語法結構,句子可分為:(2)簡單句:i am busy. 我很忙。
并列句:i am busy washing, but he is playing majiang with them.
我在忙著洗衣服,但他卻在跟他們打麻將牌。
復合句:although i am busy washing, he is playing majiang with them.
盡管我在忙著洗衣服,他卻在與他們一塊打麻將牌。
一、陳述句:用于說明一件事,表示一種看法或表達某種心情的句子,都是陳述句。陳述句分為肯定陳述句和否定陳述句。
1肯定句
he is a middle school teacher.
他是一位中學老師。(一般現在時)
she is cleaning the room.
她正在收拾屋子。(現在進行時)
they have visited the museum.
他們已經參觀過這所博物館了。(現在完成時)
he did a lot of washing yesterday.
他昨天洗了好多衣服。(一般過去時)
they had already finished quarrelling when i came.
我來時他們已經爭吵完了。(過去完成時)
the meeting will begin at once.
會議馬上就要開始了。(一般將來時)
2否定句
(1)使用not否定:
he isn't a worker.
他不是個工人。(一般現在時)
she doesn't do the cleaning every day.
她不是每天都做衛生。(一般現在時)
i haven't had my breakfast yet.
我還沒有吃早點。(現在完成時)
you didn't do your homework seriously.
你沒有認真地做你的作業。(一般過去時)
you mustn't take her to your parents.
你千萬不要把她帶到你的父母那里去。(情態動詞)
she needn't quarrel with him.
她沒必要跟他吵。(情態動詞)
the house won't be painted.
這所房子將不粉刷了。(被動語態將來時)
she might not notice you.
她可能沒有注意到你。(情態動詞)
各種時態肯定句變否定句
變成否定句有規則,“是”,“有”“將”后加not,假如沒有“是”,“有”,“將”,動詞前面加don't(does't/didn't)。
(2)使用not以外的否定詞表示否定:
、儆胣o否定:no+名詞=not any,表示“一點也不”。
i have no money.(=i have not any money.)
我一點兒錢都沒有。
we have no time to do it.(=we haven't any time to do it.)
我們沒有時間做這件事情了。
、谟胣ever表示否定,語氣比not要強烈。
she has never been there.
她從來沒有去過那里。
i will never forget him.
我決不會忘記他的。
③few和little分別表示可數名詞和不可數名詞的否定,含義為“幾乎沒有”。
jack has few friends here.
杰克在這兒幾乎沒有朋友。
there's little water in the thermos.
暖瓶里幾乎沒有水了。
、躰o one=nobody 無人
no one knows you here.
(=nobody knows you here.)
在這里沒有人認識你。
⑤nothing=not any thing 什么都沒有
i have nothing to wash today.
今天我沒有要洗的東西。
he had nothing to eat that day.
那天他什么東西也沒吃。
⑥none of沒有任何人;沒有任何物(事)
it's none of your business.
這兒沒有你的事。(這與你無關。)
none of us have seen the film.
我們誰也沒看過這個電影。
、吆蟹穸ㄐ缘母痹~hardly(幾乎不)、seldom(很少)的句子。
i can hardly remember your name.
我幾乎想不起你的名字來了。
he seldom has lunch at school.
他很少在學校吃午飯。
⑧“too...to……”(太……以致不……)句型本身具有否定的含義。
it's too heavy for me to carry.
這太重了,我搬不動。
he is too fat to run.
他太胖,跑不動。
必背:記住下列肯定和否定相應的形式:
all--none, no;
both--neither
everyone, each--no one
some--not any, no;
everything-nothing
a few--few
a little-little
something--nothing, not anything;
each, either--neither。
注意:以think和believe為主句謂語的復合句,其從句的否定要 前移至主句的謂語上。例如:
i don't think you are hungry.
我認為你不餓。
we don't believe she will come.
我們相信她不會來的。
二、疑問句
疑問句分為四種:
1一般疑問句:does mr.green come from america?
格林先生是來自美國嗎?
2特殊疑問句:what day is it today?
今天是星期幾?
3選擇疑問句:is he a teacher or a cook?
他老師還是廚師?
4反意疑問句:you agree with him, don't you?
你同意他的意見,是嗎?
1一般疑問句
一般疑問句要把各種助動詞放在句首,讀時用升調,回答以yes和no開始,也可以視情況靈活回答。
--do you work in that lawyer's office?
--no, i don't work there.
--你是在那家律師事務所上班嗎?
--不,我不在那兒上班。
--have you finished your homework?
--no, not yet.
--你做完作業了嗎?
--還沒有。
--shall i bring you a cup of coffee? yes, please.
--我給你拿一杯咖啡來好嗎?好吧。
--can you wait here for me for a moment?
--certainly.
--你能在這里等我一會嗎?可以。
--must we set off tomorrow?
no, you needn't.
--我們必須明天出發嗎?
不,不必。
--will you be able to give me an answer today?
--it's hard to say.
--你今天能答復我嗎?
--很難說。
--is the boy's answer correct?
--sorry, i have no idea.
--這男孩的回答是正確的嗎?
--對不起,我不知道。
一般疑問句有時也以否定形式出現,用以表示贊賞、責備等帶有感情色彩的意思或者表示 提出看法、意見和建議等。
didn't i tell you how to do it?
難道我沒告訴你應該怎么做嗎?
won't you come to my birthday party?
你難道不會來參加我的生日晚會嗎?
hasn't your son grown!
你的兒子又高了一大截!
don't you believe she will get married to that old man?
你難道不相信她會嫁給那個老頭?
2特殊疑問句
特殊疑問句的構成有兩種:
、僖蓡柎~(作主語)+陳述語序
、谝蓡柎~(非主語)或疑問副詞+一般疑問句
特殊問句的朗讀用降調,回答時不用yes或no。
常用的疑問代詞為who和what;疑問副詞有when,where,why,how,how many,how much, how long,how often,how far等等;疑問形容詞為which。
、僖蓡柎~(作主語)+陳述語序
who is going to take part in the sports meet of the school?
誰要參加學校的運動會?
who broke the glass of the window?
誰把這個窗戶的玻璃打碎了?
what is in the sky?
天上那是什么東西?
what made him crazy on playing football?
是什么讓他對踢足球這么著迷?
②疑問代詞(非主語)或疑問副詞+一般疑問句
who are you looking for?
你在找誰?
what can you see on the screen?
在屏幕上能看見什么?
when will you be back?
你什么時候回來?
where do you usually go for a walk?
你們通常去哪里散步?
why did you refuse to attend that meeting?
你為什么拒絕參加那個會議?
which dictionary do you prefer?
你想要哪一本詞典?
how did she get home yesterday?
她昨天是怎么回家的?
how often does he go to see his parents?
他多長時間去看他父母一次?
how much is this pair of shoes?
這雙鞋多少錢?
how far is it from the school to your home?
學校離你家有多遠?
how heavy are you (is he/she)?
你(他、她)有多重?(或:你(他、她)體重多少?)
whose car is it? it's jack's.
這是誰的車?是杰克的。
巧記特殊疑問句
what 用途真廣泛,要問“什么”它當先,(what's this?).問“姓名”“職業”也在前,問“時間”(what's the time?)how開頭來"問安",(how are you?)who問"誰",(who's that man?).誰的"whose"來承擔.(whose book is this?)詢問某地用"where",(where is the book?)"哪一個"which句首站。(which one?)
3選擇疑問句
要求對方對兩種或兩種以上的情況選擇其一的問句,叫選擇疑問句。
選擇問句的兩種或多種情況用or連接,語調先升后降,回答時不用yes或no。
選擇問句有兩種:一般選擇疑問句和特殊選擇疑問句。
、 一般選擇問句
did you solve the problem in this way or (in) that way?
你是用這種還是那種方法解決那難題的?
i did it in that way.
我用那種方法解決的。
is this a horse or a donkey?
這是馬還是驢?
it's a donkey.
是驢。
will you come to me or i'll go to your home?
你來找我呢,還是我去你家?
i'll go to your home.
我去找你吧。
、谔厥膺x擇問句。
which is longer, the yangtze river or the nile?
長江和尼羅河,哪一條更長些?
when will you go abroad, this year or next year?
你什么時候出國,今年還是明年?
who did you talk to, mr. li or miss wang?
你跟誰談的,李先生還是王小姐?
4反意疑問句
陳述句之后加上一個與之意思相反的簡短問句,這種結構的句子叫反意疑問句。反意問句的 否定句必須用縮略形式,主語必須用人稱代詞,不能用名詞。反意問句的前一部分用降調, 后一部分在表示疑問時用升調,表示強調某種意思時用降調。
1前一部分為肯定式,后一部分為否定式。
(1)be 動詞句型的反意問句:
this magazine is yours, isn't it?
這本雜志是你的,不是嗎?
your mother was a typiest in this company last year, wasn't she?
你母親去年在這個公司當過打字員,不是嗎?
(2)一般行為動詞句型的反意問句:
she likes eating fish, doesn't she?
yes, she does.
no, she doesn't.
她喜歡吃魚,不是嗎?
是的,她喜歡。/不,她不喜歡。
tom drove the car into a tree yesterday, didn't he?
yes, he did.
no, he didn't.
湯姆昨天開車撞在了樹上,不是嗎?
是的,是撞在了樹上。
不,沒有。
your parents will come to see you soon, won't they?
yes, they will.
no, they won't.
你父母很快就會來看你的,不是嗎?
是的。
不,他們不來看我。
he is sleeping, isn't he?
yes, he is.
no, he isn't.
他在睡覺,是嗎?
是的。
不。
he was taken to the headmaster, wasn't he?
yes, he was.
no, he wasn't.
他被帶到校長那去了,不是嗎?
是的。
不。
you have teld her the news, haven't you?
yes, i have.
no, i haven't.
你已經把這消息告訴他了,不是嗎?
是的。
不。
(3)情態動詞的反意疑問句:
a dog can swim, can't it?
yes, it can.
no, it can't.
狗會游泳,不是嗎?
是的。
不。
you need take some medicine, needn't you?
yes, i need.
no, i needn't.
你需要吃點藥,不是嗎?
是的,我得吃點。
不,不需要。
注意:need 還可以作為動詞使用,這時其疑問部分的謂語要用do。 例如:
you need some medicine, don't you?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
你需要一些藥品,不是嗎?
是的。
不。
you'd better go and have a rest, hadn't you?
你最好去休息一會兒,不是嗎?
the boy has to do it again, doesn't he?
yes, he does.
no, he doesn't.
這孩子不得不把它重做一遍,不是嗎?
是的。
不。
he had to get up early, didn't he?
yes, he did.
no, he did not.
他不得不早起,不是嗎?
是的。
不。
注意:動詞have作“有”解時,它的反意疑問句兩種形式都可以:
she has much homework to do, hasn't she?
(=she has much homework to do, doesn't she?)
她有許多作業要做,不是嗎?
當have作其他含義解時,如“吃”,“開會”,“讓”等時,只能用do或does來表示。例 如:
the boy has two eggs, a few pieces of bread and a glass of milk, doesn't he?
這個男孩吃了兩個雞蛋、幾片面包和一杯牛奶,不是嗎?
the had a meeting yesterday, didn't they?
他們昨天開了個會,不是嗎?
2前一部分為否定式,后一部分為肯定式。
這一類句子的回答,與漢語習慣有很大不同;卮疬@種問句,要按照實際情況,而不要考慮 yes和no。如果答案是肯定的,就用yes;如果是否定的,就用no。
you aren't a lawyer, are you?
yes, i am.
no, i am not .
你不是律師,是吧?
不,我是律師。
是的,我不是。
she doesn't enjoy fish, does she?
yes, she does.
no, she doesn't.
她不喜歡吃魚,是嗎?
不,她喜歡吃魚。
是的, 她不喜歡。
you haven't been to huangshan mountain, have you?
你沒去過黃山,是吧?
yes, i have.
no, i haven't.
不,我去過。
是的,我沒去過。
you didn't hand in your homework yesterday, did you?
你昨天沒交作業,是嗎?
yes, i did.
no, i didn't.
不,我交了。
是的,我沒交。
反意疑問句的答語
回答反意疑問句,答案含義是依據?隙ㄊ聦嵱脃es,否定事實no來替。
3其他類型的反意疑問句。
(1)祈使句的反意疑問句:
、僭诒硎究隙ǖ钠硎咕浜罂梢约右粋簡短問句,以使語氣聽起來婉轉、客氣,而實際并不存在反意的關系。
have a cup of coffee, will you?
喝杯咖啡,怎么樣?
do me a favour, won't you?
請幫我個忙,好嗎?
、谠趌et's祈使句后加上“shall we?”或“shan't we?”在“let me(her, him)”后加上“will you?”或“won't you?”。
let's go swimming, shall we?
咱們去游泳,好嗎?
let's go and see what's happening, shall we?
讓我們過去看看發生了什么事,好嗎?
let her sing us a song, will you?
讓她給我們唱一首歌,(您說)行嗎?
注意:有一類動詞,如hate,dislike,disagree等,雖然含有討厭 、不喜歡、不同意等否定的意思,但仍要按照肯定句來處理。例如:
you dislike biology, don't you?
你不喜歡生物,是嗎?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
是的,我不喜歡。
不,我喜歡。
(2)當前面陳述部分含有表示否定意思的詞,如never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nobody,no one,nothing,neither等,后面的疑問部分要用肯定式。
he never help others, does he?
yes, he does.
no, he doesn't.
他從不幫助別人,是嗎?
不,他幫助別人。
是的, 他不幫。
no one can do this job, can he (they)?
yes, he (they) can.
no, he (they) can't.
沒人能干這活兒,是嗎?
不,有人會干。
是的,沒人會干。
few students come to his class, do they?
yes, they do.
no, they don't.
很少的學生去聽他的課,是嗎?
不,有很多人去。
是的,沒人去。
反意疑問語的語調
反意問句兩語調,升調降調用法妙。加強語氣降調用,表示疑問語調升。
(3)陳述部分為主從復合句時,疑問部分的謂語應該與主句謂語一致。
you don't mind if i smoke here, do you?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
你不介意我在這兒抽根煙,是嗎?
不,我介意。
是的,我 不介意。
you never tell me you are a policeman, do you?
yes, i do.
no, i don't.
你從未跟我說過你是警察,是吧?
不,我說過。
是的,沒 說過。
注意:如果陳述部分是“i don't think (believe...)+賓語從句”時,疑問部分之中的動詞和主語應與賓語從句中的動詞和主語保持一致,并用肯定形式 。
i don't think you are successful, are you?
我認為你并沒有成功,不是嗎?
i don't believe she has cheated you of that sum of money, has she?
我相信她沒有騙你那一筆錢,是吧?
(4)陳述部分是“there be”結構時,疑問部分用there而將主語代詞省略。
there is something nice on my bed, isn't there?
yes, there is.
no, the re isn't.
我的床上有好東西,是嗎?
是的,有好東西。
不,沒有。
there won't be any class this saturday, will there?
yes, there will.
no, t here won't.
這星期六沒有課,是嗎?
不,有課。
是的,沒有 。
(5)陳述部分含有不定代詞everyone,someone,anyone,no one作主語時,疑問部分主語用 they;陳述部分含有everything,something,anything,nothing時,疑問部分用it。
everyone in your family likes to listen to the music, don't they?
你們家每個人都喜歡聽音樂,是不是?
no one knows about it, do they?
沒人知道這件事,是吧?
everything here is messy, isn't it?
這里所有的東西都亂七八糟的,是不是?
nothing is necessary now, is it?
現在一切都沒有必要了,對吧?
(6)感嘆句的反意疑問句:
感嘆句的反意疑問句須用be動詞的現在時,對人用he或you;對事物用it,疑問部分必須 用否定形式。
what a fine day, isn't it?
多么好的天氣啊,是不是?
what a foolish man, isn't he?
多么蠢的家伙,是不是
第十四章句子的種類 篇2
三、祈使句
用于表示請求、勸告或命令的句子,叫祈使句。通常句子中不帶主語,謂語動詞用原形,句 末用驚嘆號或句號,朗讀用降調。
1主語為第二人稱的祈使句
這一類祈使句的主語是you(受話對象),在習慣上被省略。
肯定形式的祈使句:
(1)句型:動詞原形+其他成分(省略主語)
wathch out!
小心!
turn down the tv.
把電視聲音調小些!
pay attention to the blackboard, please.
請注意看黑板。
(2)在動詞之前加do,以便加強語氣。
do attend this meeting, please.
請務必參加這個會議。
do practise this sort of exercises.
務必要多練習一下這類的習題。
do study harder.
務必要更努力地學習。
注意“vbld“,你就會用祈使句“v(動詞原形)”結構(動態句)
“b(be)”結構(靜態句)
“l(let)”結構(使役句)
“d(don't)”結構(否定句)
(3)為了表示客氣,可在句首或句尾加please。(please在句末時,其前要加逗號“ ,”)
sit down, please.
請坐。
speak a little louder, please.
請大一點聲音講話。
pass me the dictionary, please.
請遞給我那本詞典。
(4)如果祈使句中有呼喚語,必須要用逗號隔開,置于句首或句末都可以。
susan, sing a song for us!
蘇姍,給我們唱一首歌!
come here, susan.
過來,蘇姍。
(5)否定形式的祈使句:don't+原形動詞
don't be nervous!
別緊張!
don't stay in the cup, jerry!
別待在茶杯里,杰瑞!
please don't walk on the grass.
請不要在草地上行走。
don't be late again!
別再遲到了!
注意:“no+動名詞”也是常用的表示禁止的形式,尤其多用于標 牌、警語等公共場合。例如:
no parking.禁止停車。
no smoking.禁止吸煙。
no spitting. 禁止吐痰
2主語為第一和第三人稱的祈使句
這一類祈使句多以let作為句子的開頭。
(1)肯定形式:let+賓格(me, us, him, her, it或名詞)
let me help you! 讓我來幫你!
let's do it together. 咱們一起干。
let him try again. 讓他再試一次。
let them go! 讓他們走!
注意:let's包括對方,而let us不包括對方。這一點在反意問句中 最為明顯。
let's go swimming, shall we?
咱們去游泳吧,怎么樣?
let us go swimming, will you?
讓我們去游泳吧,行嗎?(征求對方意見)
(2)否定形式:
、賚et (us, me)+not+動詞原形
、赿on't let+第三人稱賓格或名詞+動詞原形
let's not wait for her.
咱們別等她了。
let's not waste time.
我們不要浪費時間了。
let me not stay alone here,please.
請不讓我一個人留在這。
don't let them go!
別讓他們走!
don't let him stand there.
別讓他站在那里。
don't let the dog bark over there.
別讓狗在那邊叫了。
注意:
1.“回答let's...的反意疑問句時,肯定用“yes, let's.” ,否定時用“no, let's not.”。
let's play football, shall we?
yes, let's/no, let's not.
咱們踢一會兒球,怎么樣?
好吧,踢一會兒。/不,別踢了。
2.祈使句與條件句的轉換
祈使句相當于一個if引導的條件狀語從句。
祈使句:work hard and you'll be successful.
條件句:if you work hard, you'll be successful.
如果你努力干,你會成功的。
四、感嘆句
感嘆句用于表示喜悅、驚訝和氣憤等情緒,帶有強烈的感情色彩。感嘆句有兩種:
1what+名詞(或詞組)
這類句子結構常為:what(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!主語謂語常在口語中省略。
what a fine day it is!
多好的天呀!
what a pretty girl you have!
你有多么漂亮的一個姑娘啊!
what diligent students they are!
他們是多么用功的學生啊!
感嘆句用法口訣 感嘆句,并不難,what或how放句前, 強調部分要弄清,它在嘆詞“啊”字前。強調名詞用 what,其余用how很簡單。為了簡潔而明快,主謂省去也常見。
2how+形容詞或副詞
這類句子結構常為:how+形/副詞+名詞 +謂語!主語謂語有時也被省略。
how clever your son is!
你兒子多聰明啊!
how beautiful your car is!
你的車真漂亮!
how fast she drives!
她開車多快啊!
how tall you have grown!
你長得真高呀!
how well he dances!
他跳得多好!
how還可以修飾動詞,表示強烈感情。
how i want to be a pilot!
我多么想當一個飛機駕駛員啊!
how she was astonished at his words.
對他的話她感到多么驚訝!
how they are amused at the performance!
他們看這場演出多高興啊!
注意:what和how引導的兩種感嘆句,在口語中常把后一部分即陳述 部分省略。例如:
how fast! 真快!
how crowded! 太擠了!
what heavy traffic! 交通多么擁擠!
what an honest man! 多么誠實的人!
區別:感嘆句與特殊問句的區別
它們的主要區別是:感嘆句之后為陳述語序,而特殊問句的語序要顛倒成為疑問語序。
感嘆句:how far it is! (陳述語序)真遠啊!
特殊問句:how far is it? (疑問語序)有多遠?
感嘆句:how busy you are! (陳述語序)你多么忙啊!
特殊問句:how busy are you?(疑問語序)你有多忙?
3特殊結構的感嘆句
(1)that引導的從句(常省略主句),表示愿望、感嘆:
that he should do such a thing!
真想不到他竟會干出這種事情來!
oh, that i should live to see this.
真沒想到我會碰上這樣的事。
that you, too, should turn against me!
真沒想到,你也反對我。
to think that he could be so ungrateful!
真沒想到他竟會如此忘恩負義!
(2)if引導的從句,表示和事實相反的愿望。(用過去時態的虛擬語氣)
if i were with you now!(與現在相反)
要是現在我跟你在一起多好啊!
if it were sunny now! (與現在相反)
要是現在陽光明媚多好!
if i had been warned! (與過去相反)
要是有人及早提醒我多好啊!
if i had taken your advice! (與過去相反)
要是我采納你的建議就好了!
、哿硗庖恍┍硎厩榫w的單詞或詞組,也可視為感嘆句。
wonderful! 太好了。
amazing! 真了不起!(令人驚奇)
it's great! 太棒了!
oh dear!天哪