Life in the future（Period 5 Grammar）
taken by surprise, the enemy surrendered.
(三)時間, 如:
born and bred in a turbulent age, the older generation of people experienced all sorts of hardships.
thrown to the floor, the boy regained his footing a few minutes later.
(四)條件, 如:
given more time, the slow learners would have done better.
criticized by someone else, tony would not have flared up like that.
除了直接修飾動詞之外, 過去分詞或短語也可以和連詞合組成短語, 表示下列四種意思:
⒈由 when, whenever, while, until 等連詞引導, 表示“時間”, 如:
when asked about his previous job, bill said he had been a motor mechanic.
susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.
⒉由 where, wherever 連詞引導, 表示“地點”, 如:
mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.
retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.
⒊由 if, unless 引導, 表示“條件”, 如:
if kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.
we have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.
⒋由 though, although, even though 連詞引導, 表示“讓步”, 如:
though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.
even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.
此外, 過去分詞短語還可以和介詞“with”或“without”連用, 具副詞作用。如:
with the water pipe choked, there wasn’t any more water for use.
without anything left in the kitchen, the wangs decided to eat out.
最后, 過去分詞短語, 在適當情況下, 可以有自己的主語而變成獨立結構（the absolute construction）, 如:
the old man listened, his head inclined to one side.