Unit 8 learning a foreign language
1.children who start speaking late ________ a. may have problems with their listening b. probably do not hear enough language spoken around them c. usually pay close attention to what they hear d. often take a long time in learning to listen properly 2.a baby’s first noises are ________ . a. an expression of his moods and feelings b. an early form of language c. an imitation of the speech of adults d. a sign that he means to tell you something 3.the problem of deciding at what point a baby’s imitation can be considered as speech ________ . a. is important because words have different meanings for different people b. is not especially important because the change takes place gradually c. is one that should be ignored(忽略)because children’s use of words is often meaningless d. is one that can never be properly understood because the meaning of words changes with age 4.the speaker implies that ________ . a. even after they have learnt to speak, children still enjoy imitation b. children who are good at imitating learn new words more quickly c. children no longer imitate people after they begin to speakd. patents can never hope to teach their childrenb for some time past, it has been widely accepted that babies and other creature - learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. but it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early time, had to be directly connected to such basic physiological“drives”as thirst or hunger. in other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. it is now clear that this is not so. babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except success in sight. papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward”the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements , such as turning the head to one side or the other. then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response(回答) with clear signs of pleasure. so he began to study the children’s responses in situations where no milk was provided. he quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“ turned on” some lights - and indeed that they were able to learn some more turns to bring about this result, for example, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.