2019屆高考英語語法介詞及介詞短語專題復(fù)習(xí)
(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on tv(電訊器材)，by electricity，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope
(3)交通工具類。另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 經(jīng)由，取道于，用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……幫助下”。
(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。
he beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、機器)
one smells with his nose.(with+人體器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)
he stood up with pride.(with+情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞)
注意：使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如in english(ink,pencil)。另外如：
in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)
6.表示“除……之外”的幾組常用介詞比較。
(1)besides “除……以外，(還有)”。作副詞時意思是“而且，更何況”。如：
it was too late to see a film,and besides,i was tired.
(2)except“除去，除……之外(不再有)”。如：
we all went except john.
在否定句中，兩詞可以換用，如：
he has no other hats except/besides this one.
(3)except for“除了……(對句子主題進行細節(jié)校正或附加說明)”后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時與except that+句子意思相同。如：
he was very clever except for carelessness.
(4)except that...“除了……一點以外”。如：
he has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
(5)but和except在表示“除了……以外”時可以通用，但應(yīng)注意以下三點：前面有不定人詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多用but。all but one are here.nobody but i likes making model ships.后接不定式短語為排除對象時，多用but。he has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to)；but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for...如不是……
7.介詞的省略：
介詞for表示時間的省略要求。
(1)以all開頭的名詞短語，for要省略。如：
i stayed with her all the morning.
(2)否定句中，表示時間的短語前的for不能省略。如：
i haven’t seen you for thirty years.
(3)時間狀語在主句之前，for不能省略。如：
for the whole morning,the old man kept reading.
8.某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。
(1)要求接to的名詞有：key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。
(2)要求接in 的名詞有：interest,satisfaction,expert等。
he is expert in teaching small children.
介詞的用法很繁雜，要在平時注意積累。