英語：高一 Unit 14 Festival知識例析

sexual intercourse and some schools say touching your spouse is forbidden, however, maliks muwatta contains hadith that allow for kissing during fasting. even this though is balanced by further hadith of the companions that suggest restraint is preferred.
playing games of chance
smoking
 
what is encouraged?
the usual practice is to have a pre-fast meal (suhoor) before dawn and a post-fast meal (iftar) after sunset.
during the month, muslims try to read as much of the quran as they can. some spend part of their day listening to the recitation of the quran in a mosque or meeting for quranic studies or for congregational prayers. believers are admonished not to swear or utter vulgarities during the month of ramadhan.
 
the last ten days of ramadan are a time of even greater devotion; some muslims spend the entire time in a mosque. the night on which the quran was revealed to the prophet, known as the night of power (lailat ul-qadr), is generally taken to be the 27th night of the month. many muslims spend that entire night in prayer.
 
the celebration of eid ul-fitr, the feast at the end of the month to break the fast, is a traditional practice rather than a religious one.
 
what is the purpose?
the siyam is intended to teach the believers patience and self-control, and to remind them of the less fortunate in the world. the fast is also seen as a debt owed by the believer to god. faithful observance of the siyam is believed to atone for personal faults and misdeeds, at least in part, and to help earn a place in paradise. it is also believed to be beneficial for personal conduct, that is, to help control passions and temper. the fast is also meant to provide time for meditation and to strengthen ones faith.
 
military operations
non-muslims are sometimes sensitive about not giving offence during ramadan -- for example, by conducting military operations. numerous examples indicate that this sensitivity is unnecessary: muhammad himself fought during ramadan in 624. in 1973, egypt and syria attacked israel during ramadan, which happened that year to coincide with the jewish yom kippur. in 1982, iran launched an attack on iraq that they explicitly called "operation ramadan." muslims have rarely shown any reluctance to wage war during ramadan.
參考
伊斯蘭教齋月
齋月就是日出后到日落前不得進食，而禁食（fasting）則是穆斯林的五功之一。穆斯林的禁食源于早期的基督教和猶太教信徒的一種儀式。當年仍居住在麥加的先知穆罕默德，為了強化早期的追隨者對阿拉的信心，將禁食轉為伊斯蘭教的儀式，隨后演變為[齋月]。「齋月」為穆斯林必需遵行的行儀之一，為期一個月，除病、老、年幼及工作在外者之外，一律要遵行「齋月」禁食。