Unit10BythetimeIgotoutside,thebushadalreadyleft．

she had learnt english words by the end of last month.

到上個月末，她已經學了XX個英語單詞了。

i hadn't learnt japanese before i went to japan.

我去日本之前沒學過日語。

注意：過去完成時的否定句和疑問句直接通過had的變化即可。

2.when 和by the time引導的時間狀語從句

by the time 到……時候為止，指從過去某一點到，從句所示的時間為止，這一時間段。when當……時候，指過去的某一時間點。從句用一般現在時，主句為過去完成時。

eg.by the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom.

    到她起床的時候，她的弟弟已經去洗澡間了。

    by the time she went outside, the bus had already gone

    到她走到外面的時候，公共汽車已經走了。

    when she got to school, she realized she had left her backpack at home

    當她到學校的時候，她意識到她把書包放在家里了。

   （在這句話中，過去的時間點為“到校”的時候，“她把書包放在家里”則發生在“過去的過去”。）

3.how to narrate past events.如何描述過去的事件

描述過去的事件，首要注意一點是時態。由于事情發生在過去，因此一定要用過去的某種時態。但如果是直接引語（如在雙引號之內），則根據當時的情況來決定。

表示過去的時態有：

（1）一般過去時：結構：動詞的過去式

（2）過去進行時：結構：was / were ＋現在分詞

（3）過去完成時：結構：had＋過去分詞

（4）過去將來時：結構：would＋動詞原形

請看例文1：

it was sunday.i went to a pool to fish.i thought there must be some fish for me to catch.i held my fishing pole, waiting patiently.suddently a big fish was caught.i was glad and put it into my little basket.before long my sister camewithout a word she put back the fish into the water.i was astonished.i really thought she became mad.she ordered me to put down the fishing pole and led me to a place not far away.there stood a sign, reading”no fishing”.i realized that i was making a mistake

（注意觀察文中時態的應用）

例2：請大聲朗讀section a 3a，并找出其中用到的時態。

六.疑難解析（key points）

1.get to 意為“到達”。例如：

when did you get there last night?

你昨晚什么時候到那兒的？

i get home at 7:00 every day.

我每天7:00到家。

when i got to the cinema, the film had already begun.

我到電影院時，電影已經開始了。

辨析：get, arrive與reach

這三個詞都可以用來表示“到達”，但是用法不同。

（1）get和arrive都是不及物動詞，其后只能跟表示地點的副詞，若是跟名詞則須再加介詞，即get to ＋地點名詞，arrive in / at ＋地點名詞（in 之后跟表示大地方的詞，at之后跟表示小地方的詞）。若是只說“到達”，而不指出到達哪里，則只能用arrive。例如：

how did you get / arrive there?

你怎么到那兒的？

i got to / arrived in beijing the day before yesterday.