高中英語必修五知識點整理
grammar
一、過去分詞
過去分詞兼有動詞、副詞和形容詞的特征，可以帶賓語或受狀語修飾。過去分詞和賓語或狀語一起構成過去分詞短語。它在句中可以作定語、表語、賓語補足語或狀語。這節課講解作定語、表語的用法。
1. 作定語
作定語的過去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；過去分詞短語作定語，一般放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：
there are many fallen leaves on the ground.
this is a book written by a worker.
2. 作表語
過去分詞作表語,多表示主語所處的狀態。
i was pleased at the news.
the door remained locked.
過去分詞作表語，相當于形容詞，常見的有：delighted, disappointed, astonished, interested, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried, excited, married 等。
過去分詞作表語時，應注意與被動結構的區別。系表結構說明主語的狀態或具有的性質、特點；被動結構強調謂語動作。
the small village is surrounded by trees.（狀態）
the small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.（動作）
i'm interested in chess.（狀態）
3. 過去分詞做狀語
①表時間，相當于一個時間狀語從句，有時過去分詞前可加連詞 when 或 while 來強調時間概念。
seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
accepted by the party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the party.
②表原因，相當于一個原因狀語從句。
exhausted, the children fell asleep at once.
encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
③表條件，相當于一個條件狀語從句，有時過去分詞前可用 if 等詞
heated, water changes into steam.
given another chance, he will do better.
④表讓步，相當于一個though/although引導的讓步狀語從句。
laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
⑤表伴隨，說明動作發生的背景或情況。
surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom.
the trainer appeared, followed by five little dogs.
倒裝句：
一、here, there, now, then, thus 等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用 be, come, go, lie, run。
there goes the bell. 鈴聲響了。
then came the chairman. 主席來了。
here is your letter. 你的信。
二、否定詞置于句首，句子應進行倒裝。 neither 放句首
tod can't swim, neither can i. 托德不會游泳，我也不會。
用于 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once, many a time 等詞開頭的句子。
never shall i go there again. 我再也不去那了。
little did he know who the woman was.他基本上不知道那女人是誰。
seldom was he late for class.他很少上學遲到。
用于 no sooner ... than ..., hardly... when... 和 not until... 的句型中
hardly had i reached the station when the train left. 我剛到車站,火車就離開了。