備戰(zhàn)2016屆高考英語(通用版)一輪復(fù)習(xí)專題02 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)
i’m leaving tomorrow.我打算明天動(dòng)身。
are you staying here till next week? 你打算在這兒住到下周嗎?
四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成: have (has)+過去分詞。
1.比較過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know。過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。
i saw this film yesterday.我昨天看了這部電影。(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。)
i have seen this film.這部電影我看過了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)
she has returned from paris.她已從巴黎回來了。
she returned yesterday.她昨天回來了。
he has been in the league for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
he has been a league member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞如 yesterday,last,week,in 1960時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對(duì))tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
2.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)it is the first/second time....that...結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
it is the first time that i have visited the city.這是我第一次參觀這座城市。
2)this is the...that...結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
this is the best film that i’ve (ever)seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。
this is the first time (that)i’ve heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
(錯(cuò))i have received his letter for a month.
(對(duì))i haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
3.比較since和for
since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。
i have lived here for more than twenty years.我在這兒住了20多年了。
i have lived here since i was born.我自出生就住在這兒。
i have not heard from my uncle for a long time.我好久沒收到叔叔的信了。
注意:并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
i worked here for more than twenty years. 我在這里工作過20多年。(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
i have worked here for many years.我在這里工作了多年了。(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門:當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間,這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化,很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤用。
湯姆學(xué)習(xí)俄語有3年了。