備戰(zhàn)2016屆高考英語（通用版）一輪復(fù)習(xí)專題02 動詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)
(對)tom has studied russian for three years.
=tom began to study russian three years ago，and is still studying it now.
harry結(jié)婚6年了。
(錯)harry has got married for six years.
=harry began to get married six years ago，and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應(yīng)改為 harry got married six years ago.或harry has been married for six years.
4.since的四種用法
1) since+過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980，last month，half past six)。
i have been here since 1989.我自1989年就在這兒。
2)since+一段時間+ago
i have been here since five months ago.自五個月前我就一直在這兒。
3)since+從句
great changes have taken place since you left.自從你走后發(fā)生了很大的變化。
4)it is+一段時間+since從句
it is two years since i became a postgraduate student.
自從我考上研究生已有兩年了。
5.延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動詞表示經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。
he has completed the work.他已完成了那項工作。 (表結(jié)果)
i’ve known him since then.我從那時起就認(rèn)識他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2)用于till/until從句的差異
延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。
he didn’t come back until ten o’clock.他到10 點才回來。
he slept until ten o’clock.他一直睡到10點。
五、過去完成時
1.概念：表示過去的過去
其構(gòu)成是had+過去分詞構(gòu)成。
2.用法
1)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等動詞后的賓語從句中。
she said (that)she had never been to paris.她說她從來沒去過巴黎。
2) 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時。when the police arrived，the thieves had run away.等到警察來的時候，賊早已經(jīng)跑了。
3)表示意向的動詞，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本……，未能……”。
we had hoped that you would come，but you didn’t.我們原本希望你能來，但你卻沒來。
3.過去完成時的時間狀語
before，by，until ，when，after，once，as soon as。
he said that he had learned some english before.他說他以前學(xué)過英語。
by the time he was twelve，edison had began to make a living by himself.
等到愛迪生12歲那年，他早已學(xué)會自我謀生了。
注意：hardly...when …… 就…… no sooner...than 剛…… 就……
4.用一般過去時代替完成時
1)兩個動作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。when she saw the mouse，she screamed.看到老鼠，她尖叫了起來。
2)兩個動作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。when i heard the news，i was very excited.聽到這個消息時，我非常激動。
3)敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。