英語(yǔ) - 談?wù)劚粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法

英語(yǔ)中及物動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。

一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

I am asked to study hard.

Knives are used for cutting things.

2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

A new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

A new hospital will be built in our city.

Many more trees will be planted next year.

5.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

The door may be locked inside.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

They are planting trees over there. →

Trees are being planted over there by them.

7.不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

There are two books to be read. →

There are twenty more trees to be planted.

二、怎樣把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?

把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)非常簡(jiǎn)單，可以遵循以下幾個(gè)步驟：

1.先找出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；

2.再找出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)；

3.把賓語(yǔ)用作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)；

4.注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。

例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.

2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

3.He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.

4.They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

5.Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.

6.You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.

三、使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：

1.不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2.有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3.感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，須加上to 。

例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

4.如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(yǔ)(物)作主語(yǔ)，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。

He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

5.一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。

We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

只要你掌握了以上一些方法，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)并不難學(xué)。