2016屆高考英語第一輪語法大全復習教案及配套練習3
2. ---i\'m sorry to keep you waiting.
---oh, not at all. i ___ here only a few minutes.
a. have been b. had been c. was d. will be
答案a. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時。
11.15 過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如：
she said （that）she had never been to paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在后，用一般過去時。例如：
when the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示\"原本…，未能…\"。例如：
we had hoped that you would come, but you didn\'t. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
he said that he had learned some english before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
by the time he was twelve, edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經走了。
典型例題
the students ___ busily when miss brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
a. had written, left b，were writing, has left c. had written, had left d. were writing, had left
答案d. \"把書忘在辦公室\"發生在\"去取書\"這一過去的動作之前，因此\"忘了書\"這一動作發生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在\"同學們正忙于……\"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
i had hardly opened the door when i he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
he had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉眼又賣了。
11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1） 兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。例如：
when she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。
my aunt gave me a hat and i lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 ） 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。例如：
when i heard the news, i was very excited.
3） 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。例如：
our teacher told us that columbus discovered america in 1492.