2018年高考英語復習筆記
7. people in china used to keep records by putting a number of stones together. 介詞 by 作“用...方式，憑...手段"解，相當于“by the means of”，后面通常跟名詞或動詞的-ing形式。例如：all the work had to be done by hand.所有的工作都不得不用手工來完成。they greeted each other by raising their hats. 他們舉帽相互致意。she has a good knowledge of english by teaching herself. 她靠自學掌握了英語。
8. this kind of paper was as soft and light as silk but much less expensive. 這種紙像絲一般輕柔，但是又不那么昂貴。在形容詞和副詞的比較級前可加 much, far, even 等詞，以使程度得以加強。例如：food and clothing are now much more expensive. 吃的和穿的現(xiàn)在都貴多了。 this kind of paper is much heavier than that one. 這種紙比那種紙重得多。
9. by the first century the making of paper in some parts of china had been well developed and had become common. 到公元1世紀，中國的一些地區(qū)，造紙業(yè)已非常發(fā)達，這也是很普通的事情。動詞develop 意思較多：this city developed out of a fishing village. 這個城市是由漁村發(fā)展起來的。plants develop from seeds. 植物由種籽發(fā)育而成。the child is developing well. 這孩子發(fā)育很好。develop a project 制訂計劃；develop a film 沖洗膠卷
10. your book on printing hasn’t been included in the list of new books. 你的那本關于印刷的書不包括在新書單中。掌握include的用法：this list includes my name. 名單中有我的名字。i include you among my friends. 我把你做為我的朋友。at least 80 persons were injured, including five policemen. 至少80人受傷，包括5名警察。
11. beat, hit, strike 這三個詞都與漢語的“打”有關。 beat 指連續(xù)地打： beat the drum 打鼓；beat a boy 打孩子；beat sth flat 把某物錘薄；the rain beat upon the window. 雨打在窗子上。beat 還有“擊敗”的意思：their team beat ours by a large score. 他們隊以懸殊比分戰(zhàn)勝我們隊。 hit 側重“擊中”，有時可表示“打一下”： the ball hit him in the eye. 球打在他的眼睛上。she hit him out of anger. 她生氣打了他一下。 strike 一般用語的“打”，用途很廣： we should strike while the iron is hot. 我們應該趁熱打鐵。 the clock struck ten. 鐘已打十點。 he struck the table with a ruler angrily. 他生氣地用尺拍桌子。
the chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中國人造紙已有XX年歷史了。
現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)，由“have/has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構成，表示現(xiàn)在以前的這段時間里一直在進行的動作。如：i've been waiting here for about half an hour.我在這兒大概等了半個鐘頭了。he's been working at that factory since he came to beijing. 他到北京以來，一直在那個工廠工作。what have you been doing all this time? 這半天你干什么的？he is ill. he’s been lying in bed for three weeks. 他病了，他臥床三個星期了。